Dietary exposure assessment of cadmium, arsenic, and lead in market rice from Sri Lanka
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Dietary exposure assessment of cadmium, arsenic, and lead in market rice from Sri Lanka Lin Liu 1,2 & Jialiang Han 1,2 & Xiaohang Xu 1,2 & Zhidong Xu 1,2 & Kasun S. Abeysinghe 1,2 & Anjana J. Atapattu 2,3,4 & P. Mangala C. S. De Silva 5 & Qinhui Lu 1,2 & Guangle Qiu 1 Received: 9 May 2020 / Accepted: 20 July 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Rice is frequently reported to be contaminated with heavy metals (HMs); thus, the human health risks from its consumption have received increasing attention. A total of 165 commercial rice samples from Sri Lanka were collected to determine their cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), and lead (Pb) concentrations. The exposure risk for Sri Lankans from the estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of these toxicants was assessed. Simultaneously, non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks were evaluated using hazard quotients (HQs) and the hazard index (HI). The results revealed that the average levels of Cd, As, and Pb in commercial rice were 0.080 ± 0.130, 0.077 ± 0.040, and 0.031 ± 0.050 mg/kg, respectively, with ranges of 0.003–0.727, 0.019–0.217, and 0.001–0.345 mg/kg (expressed on a dry weight basis), respectively. The average EDIs of Cd, inorganic As (iAs), and Pb were 0.772, 0.490, and 0.306 μg/kg body weight (bw)/day, respectively; these were below provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) values recommended by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), but iAs was above the recommended reference doses (RfDs) recommended by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). However, approximately 25% and 75% of the Cd and iAs HQs for the Sri Lankan population, respectively, were greater than 1, suggesting a potential health risk, whereas the HQs for Pb was less than 1. Considering the additive effect, HI values of the P90, P95, P97.5, and P99 percentiles would reach 4.773, 6.458, 8.392, and 11.614, implying that intake of the combined metals might result in potential health risks. Keywords Heavy metals . Market rice . Sri Lanka . Estimated daily intakes (EDI) . Monte Carlo simulation
Introduction Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10209-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Xiaohang Xu [email protected] 1
State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
2
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
3
CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xishuangbanna 666303, China
4
Agronomy Division, Coconut Research Institute, Lunuwila 61150, Sri Lanka
5
Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Ruhuna, Matara 81000, Sri Lanka
As a staple food, rice is frequently reported to be contaminated with cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), and lead (Pb), which are all known carcinogen
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