Determination of lead, cadmium and arsenic in infusion tea cultivated in north of Iran
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IRANIAN JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Open Access
Determination of lead, cadmium and arsenic in infusion tea cultivated in north of Iran Sakine Shekoohiyan1, Mahboobeh Ghoochani2, Azita Mohagheghian2, Amir Hossein Mahvi2,3,4*, Masoud Yunesian2 and Shahrokh Nazmara2
Abstract Tea is one of the most common drinks in all over the world. Rapid urbanization and industrialization in recent decades has increased heavy metals in tea and other foods. In this research, heavy metal contents such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) were determined in 105 black tea samples cultivated in Guilan and Mazandaran Provinces in north of Iran and their tea infusions. The amount of heavy metals in black tea infusions were analyzed using Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP - AES). The mean ± SD level of Pb in 5, 15 and 60 min in infusion tea samples were 0.802 ± 0.633, 0.993 ± 0.667 and 1.367 ± 1.06 mg/kg of tea dry weight, respectively. The mean level of Cd in 5, 15 and 60 min in infusion tea samples were 0.135 ± 0.274, 0.244 ± 0.46 and 0.343 ± 0.473 mg/kg of tea dry weight, respectively. The mean level of As in 5, 15 and 60 min in infusion tea samples were 0.277 ± 0.272, 0.426 ± 0.402 and 0.563 ± 0.454 mg/kg of tea dry weight, respectively. Also, the results showed that the locations and the infusion times influenced upon the amount of these metals (P < 0.05). Keywords: Heavy metals, Lead, Cadmium, Arsenic, Tea
Introduction Tea is one of the most common drinks in all over the world, which is produced from the leaves of a shrub Camellia sinensis [1]. About 98% of people drink tea as the first among all beverages available to use [2]. The 75% of the estimated 2.5 million metric tons of desiccated tea that are produced annually is processed as black tea which is used by many countries [3]. About 18–20 billion cups of tea are consumed daily in the world [4]. Iran is a tea-producing country and relies on substantive imports to supplement its production to satisfy the considerable consumption needs. Iranians hold one of the highest per capita rates in tea consumption in the world, (about1.6 kg per capita consumption in the period of 2005–2007), [5]. Approximately 34 thousand hectares of lands in Guilan and Mazandaran provinces have been cultured for tea, almost half of the dry tea interior production and the remainder comes from * Correspondence: [email protected] 2 Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 3 National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
imports. Most important source of nutrient uptake by leaf tea is from the medium [4]. Many studies have proved that tea has some beneficial effects on human health such as prevention from Parkinson’s disease, cardiovascular disease [6], cancer [7], immune disorders [8] and decrease of blood cholesterol levels [9]. Rapi
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