Exposure Assessment of Organochlorine Pesticides, Arsenic, and Lead in Children From the Major Agricultural Areas in Son
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Exposure Assessment of Organochlorine Pesticides, Arsenic, and Lead in Children From the Major Agricultural Areas in Sonora, Mexico Maria M. Meza-Montenegro • Ana I. Valenzuela-Quintanar • Jose´ J. Balderas-Corte´s Leticia Yan˜ez-Estrada • Maria L. Gutie´rrez-Coronado • Alberto Cuevas-Robles • A. Jay Gandolfi
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Received: 18 June 2012 / Accepted: 5 November 2012 / Published online: 20 December 2012 Ó Springer Science+Business Media New York 2012
Abstract There is a lack of information of exposure to organochlorine pesticides (OCP) and some metals, such as lead (Pb) and arsenic (As), both of which were used as arsenicals pesticides, in children living in the major agricultural areas of Mexico. The objective of this study was to assess the exposure of children to different OCP, As, and Pb in the Yaqui and Mayo valleys of Sonora to generate population baseline levels of these toxins. A cross-sectional study was undertaken in 165 children (age 6–12 years old) from 10 communities from both valleys during 2009. Blood samples were analyzed for OCP and Pb and first morning void urine for inorganic As (InAs). All of the blood samples had detectable levels of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethylene (p,p0 -DDE) ranging from 0.25 to 10.3 lg/L. However lindane, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p,p0 DDT), aldrin, and endosulfan were detected in far less of the population (36.4, 23.6, 9.1, and 3 %, respectively). Methoxychlor and endrin were not found in any sample. The average value of Pb in this population was 3.2 lg
M. M. Meza-Montenegro (&) J. J. Balderas-Corte´s A. Cuevas-Robles Department of Natural Resources, ITSON, 5 de Febrero 818 Sur, Zona Centro, 85000 Cd. Obregon, Sonora, Mexico e-mail: [email protected] A. I. Valenzuela-Quintanar M. L. Gutie´rrez-Coronado Department of Food Sciences, CIAD, A.C., Carretera a la Victoria, Km 0.6, 83000 Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico L. Yan˜ez-Estrada Unidad Pedia´trica Ambiental, UASP, Av. Venustiano Carranza 2405, 78210 San Luis Potosı´, Mexico A. J. Gandolfi College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, 1703 E. Mabel Street, Tucson, AZ 85724-5024, USA
Pb/dL (range 0.17–9.0) with 8.5 % of the samples having levels\5.0 lg Pb/dL. Urinary As levels ranged from 5.4 to 199 lg As/L with an average value of 31.0 lg As/L. Levels [ 50 lg/L were observed in 12.7 % of the samples. Our results show that is important to start a risk-reduction program to decrease exposure to these toxins in Mexican communities. In addition, the results can be used to establish the baseline levels of exposure to these toxins in this agricultural region and may be used as a reference point for regulatory agencies.
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are resistant to breakdown and are associated with different health problems, including teratogenic and carcinogenic effects (Avalos and Ramı´rez 2003; Van et al. 2001). POPs are persistent, toxic, and bioaccumulative in nature because they are biomagnified through the food chain (Gao et al. 2008). In Mexico, exposure to pesticides, metals, and other toxic substances occurs in
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