Difference in Soil Methane (CH 4 ) and Nitrous Oxide (N 2 O) Fluxes from Bioenergy Crops SRC Willow and SRF Scots Pine C
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Difference in Soil Methane (CH4) and Nitrous Oxide (N2O) Fluxes from Bioenergy Crops SRC Willow and SRF Scots Pine Compared with Adjacent Arable and Fallow in a Temperate Climate J. Drewer 1 & S. Yamulki 2 & S. R. Leeson 1 & M. Anderson 1 & M. P. Perks 3 & U. M. Skiba 1 & N. P. McNamara 4
# Springer Science+Business Media New York 2017
Abstract Soil greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes of methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) were measured over a 2-year period from several land use systems on adjacent sites under the same soil and climatic conditions to assess the influence of the transition from arable agricultural (barley) and fallow to perennial bioenergy crops short rotation coppice (SRC) willow (Salix spp.) and short rotation forest (SRF) Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris). There were no significant differences between CH4 and N2O fluxes measured from the SRC, SRF and fallow, but the arable agricultural site showed an order of magnitude higher N2O emissions compared with the others. Fertiliser application to the arable crop was the major factor influencing N2O emissions, and both air and soil temperature showed no significant effects on fluxes between the different land use systems. Soil moisture was significantly different from the arable crop, showing a greater range than from SRF and SRC. Hence, these bioenergy crops might be viable options for water-stressed areas.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s12155-017-9824-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * J. Drewer [email protected]
1
CEH Edinburgh, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Scotland EH26 0QB, UK
2
Forest Research, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham, Surrey GU10 4LH, UK
3
Forest Research, Northern Research Station, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9SY, UK
4
CEH Lancaster, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Lancaster LA1 4AP, UK
Keywords Bioenergy . Transition . SRC . SRF . Arable
Introduction With the aim to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions under European Union (EU) and UK regulations [1–3], there is growing demand for planting bioenergy crops. The EU made the obligation to raise the proportion of renewable energy of the total energy consumption to 20% in 2020 compared with 9% in 2010 [1]. At present, biomass including forest products such as wood and pellets makes up about two thirds of renewable energy in the EU. Estimates from model predictions suggest that 17–21 million ha of land will have to be converted additionally to bioenergy production to meet the set targets [4]. Also, globally there is large potential to convert agricultural cropland to bioenergy production and especially perennial crops are attractive as they can contribute to carbon (C) mitigation [5]. Many studies have shown that land use change from agriculture to forests, grasslands and vice versa influences greenhouse gas fluxes [6–10]. In a review of life cycle analyses regarding first- and second-generation biofuels, large uncertainties regarding GHG fluxes, especially nitrous oxide (N2O), were highlighted and t
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