The impact of atmospheric N deposition and N fertilizer type on soil nitric oxide and nitrous oxide fluxes from agricult
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ORIGINAL PAPER
The impact of atmospheric N deposition and N fertilizer type on soil nitric oxide and nitrous oxide fluxes from agricultural and forest Eutric Regosols Ling Song 1 & Julia Drewer 2 & Bo Zhu 1 & Minghua Zhou 1 & Nicholas Cowan 2 & Peter Levy 2 & Ute Skiba 2 Received: 27 August 2019 / Revised: 28 May 2020 / Accepted: 2 June 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Agricultural and forest soils with low organic C content and high alkalinity were studied over 17 days to investigate the potential response of the atmospheric pollutant nitric oxide (NO) and the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O) on (1) increased N deposition rates to forest soil; (2) different fertilizer types to agricultural soil and (3) a simulated rain event to forest and agricultural soils. Cumulative forest soil NO emissions (148–350 ng NO-N g−1) were ~ 4 times larger than N2O emissions (37–69 ng N2O-N g−1). Contrary, agricultural soil NO emissions (21–376 ng NO-N g−1) were ~ 16 times smaller than N2O emissions (45–8491 ng N2ON g−1). Increasing N deposition rates 10 fold to 30 kg N ha−1 yr−1, doubled soil NO emissions and NO3− concentrations. As such high N deposition rates are not atypical in China, more attention should be paid on forest soil NO research. Comparing the fertilizers urea, ammonium nitrate, and urea coated with the urease inhibitor ‘Agrotain®,’ demonstrated that the inhibitor significantly reduced NO and N2O emissions. This is an unintended, not well-known benefit, because the primary function of Agrotain® is to reduce emissions of the atmospheric pollutant ammonia. Simulating a climate change event, a large rainfall after drought, increased soil NO and N2O emissions from both agricultural and forest soils. Such pulses of emissions can contribute significantly to annual NO and N2O emissions, but currently do not receive adequate attention amongst the measurement and modeling communities. Keywords Atmospheric N deposition . Ammonium nitrate . Urea . Urease inhibitor . Pulsing effect
Introduction The industrialization of mineral N fertilizer production contributes immensely to global food security, but also shares responsibility for a series of environmental pollution issues. The N use efficiency of crops is rather poor, with a global average of 0.4% in 2010 (Zhang et al. 2015). Excess N fertilizer is largely converted through microbial and chemical reactions to environmentally damaging compounds such as nitrate (NO3−), nitric oxide (NO) and nitrous oxide (N2O). Surplus N is an acute problem in China. Between 1961 and 2012 China’s * Ute Skiba [email protected] 1
Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
2
UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Midlothian, Penicuik EH26 0QB, UK
total fertilizer N input has increased by 490% and the N surplus by more than 10 times, from 3.3 Mt in 1961 to 38 Mt in 2012 (Yuan and Peng 2017). Consequently, many natural ecosystems, especially forests in China,
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