Different Aspects of the Elemental Analysis of Honey by Flame Atomic Absorption and Emission Spectrometry: A Review
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Different Aspects of the Elemental Analysis of Honey by Flame Atomic Absorption and Emission Spectrometry: A Review Pawel Pohl & Helena Stecka & Iwona Sergiel & Piotr Jamroz
Received: 20 July 2011 / Accepted: 19 September 2011 / Published online: 30 September 2011 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011
Abstract The elemental composition of honey is correlated with the botanical provenience of nectar, pollen, and honeydew that are collected and ripened by bees. In addition to this, the geographical origin related to the locality of an apiary, the soil composition, and climatic conditions may contribute to the origin of elements in honey. The environmental pollution or other anthropogenic processes and activities also have an effect on the quality and the safety of honey since they may be accompanying sources that lead to its contamination and the presence of various trace elements (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, and Zn). This review article covers the literature devoted to the analysis of honey carried out by the most popular and commonly utilized flame atomic absorption and emission spectrometry, which was published from 1999 to 2011. Various aspects of such analysis are treated in detail, including ways of the sample preparation, the calibration, and the quality assurance of results. In addition, methods and results related to the fractionation analysis of elements in honey by means of chromatographic and nonchromatographic approaches are described. Keywords Honey . Elemental analysis . Fractionation analysis . Flame atomic absorption spectrometry . Flame atomic emission spectrometry P. Pohl (*) : H. Stecka : P. Jamroz Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wybrzeze Stanislawa Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland e-mail: [email protected] I. Sergiel Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Gora, Prof. Z. Szafrana 1, 65-516 Zielona Gora, Poland
Introduction Elements are minor constituents of honey. Their kind and content in honey is strictly related to the type of raw floral materials, i.e., the nectar, the pollen, and the honeydew, which are collected by bees and taken into a hive (Rehman et al. 2008; Baroni et al. 2009; Nanda et al. 2009; Juszczak et al. 2009; Silva et al. 2009). This is partly related to geochemical and climatic (environmentally related) facilities and conditions of a territory or a region in which bees live and forage for all their essential resources. The total content of elements in flower honeys is commonly within 0.1–0.2% (m/m). Honeydew honeys may contain up to 1% (m/m) of different elements (Hernandez et al. 2005). The soil is particularly the main endogenous and natural source of elements in honey. In this case, geochemical and geological features of the forage area, i.e., the soil characteristics, specific regional conditions, and climatic changes or an eventual volcanic or hydrothermal activity, may differentially contribute to the element composition of the nectar of melliferous plan
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