Differential Activation of Ferulic Acid Catabolic Pathways of Amycolatopsis sp . ATCC 39116 in Submerged and Surface Cul
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Differential Activation of Ferulic Acid Catabolic Pathways of Amycolatopsis sp. ATCC 39116 in Submerged and Surface Cultures Victor Contreras-Jácquez 1 & Jorge Rodríguez-González 2 & Juan Carlos Mateos-Díaz 2 & Elisa M. Valenzuela-Soto 1 & Ali Asaff-Torres 1 Received: 11 November 2019 / Accepted: 23 April 2020/ # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract
Amycolatopsis sp. ATCC 39116 catabolizes ferulic acid by the non-oxidative deacetylation and β-oxidation pathways to produce vanillin and vanillic acid, respectively. In submerged culture, vanillin productivity decreased more than 8-fold, when ferulic, p-coumaric, and caffeic acids were employed in pre-cultures of the microorganism in order to activate the ferulic acid catabolic pathways, resulting in a carbon redistribution since vanillic acid and guaiacol productivities increased more than 5-fold compared with control. In contrast, in surface culture, the effects of ferulic and sinapic acids in precultures were totally opposite to those of the submerged culture, directing the carbon distribution into vanillin formation. In surface culture, more than 30% of ferulic acid can be used as carbon source for other metabolic processes, such as ATP regeneration. In this way, the intracellular ATP concentration remained constant during the biotransformation process by surface culture (100 μg ATP/mg protein), demonstrating a high energetic state, which can maintain active the non-oxidative deacetylation pathway. In contrast, in submerged culture, it decreased 3.15-fold at the end of the biotransformation compared with the initial content, showing a low energetic state, while the NAD+/NADH ratio (23.15) increased 1.81-fold. It seems that in submerged culture, low energetic and high oxidative states are the physiological conditions that can redirect the ferulic catabolism into β-oxidative pathway and/or vanillin oxidation to produce vanillic acid. Keywords Amycolatopsis sp. ATCC 39116 . Carbon distribution . Ferulic acid catabolism . Nonoxidative deacetylation . β-Oxidation . Cellular energetic state . Redox misbalance
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-02003336-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
* Ali Asaff-Torres [email protected] Extended author information available on the last page of the article
Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology
Introduction Amycolatopsis sp. ATCC 39116 (formerly Streptomyces setonii ATCC 39116) is an actinomycete with the capacity to synthetize molecules of industrial interest from hydroxycinnamic acids, such as ferulic acid (FA), p-coumaric acid (pCA), caffeic acid (CA), and sinapic acid (SA) [1, 2]. In particular, FA, the most abundant hydroxycinnamic acid found in plant cell walls, is employed as a substrate for the biotechnological production of vanillin (4-hydroxy-3methoxybenzaldehyde), one of the most commercialized aromas and flavors of the global market [3]. Usually, FA is obtained from agro-indust
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