Dimensions of Japanese Society Gender, Margins and Mainstream

Japan remains one of the most intriguing yet least understood nations. In a much needed, balanced and comprehensive analysis, among other remarkable revelations, this book presents for the first time a vital key to understanding the organisation of Japan'

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Kenneth G. Henshall

DIMENSIONS OF JAPANESE SOCIETY

Also by Kenneth G. Henshall and from the same publishers A HISTORY OF JAPAN: From Stone Age to Superpower

Dimensions of Japanese Society Gender, Margins and Mainstream Kenneth G. Henshall Professor of Japanese Studies Department of East Asian Studies University of Waikato New Zealand

First published in Great Britain 1999 by

MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 978-0-333-77239-3

ISBN 978-0-333-98109-2 (eBook)

DOI 10.1057/9780333981092 First published in the United States of America 1999 by ST. MARTIN’S PRESS, INC., Scholarly and Reference Division, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 ISBN 978- 0–312–22192–4 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Henshall, Kenneth G. Dimensions of Japanese society : gender, margins and mainstream / Kenneth G. Henshall. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Social values—Japan. 2. Marginality, Social—Japan. 3. Sex role—Japan. 4. Minorities—Japan. 5. Japan—Social conditions—1945– I. Title. HN723.5.H48 1999 306'.0952—dc21 98–43697 CIP © Kenneth G. Henshall 1999 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1999 978-0-333-778-9 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 9HE. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. 10 08

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To the memory of Alex French (1960–94), whose achievements in Japan were inspiring, and whose courage and determination in the face of adversity were humbling

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Contents List of Tables

ix

Preface

x

Acknowledgements

xiii

Glossary of Key Japanese Terms

xiv

Introduction: Japan as Other, and the Other Japan

xvii

Part One The Essentials of Society: Men and Women 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5

Hard men, soft men, ideal men, real men: the constructing of maleness From reigning empress to silly servant: the historical downgrading of the female Tradition meets the modern world: the hesitant emergence of the new woman Boys and madonnas, father-figures and virgins: relations between the sexes The blurrings of gender: homosexuality, bisexuality, and androgyny

Part Two On the Fringes of Society: Mi