Direct and indirect trophic interactions of soil nematodes impact chickpea and oat nutrition
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Direct and indirect trophic interactions of soil nematodes impact chickpea and oat nutrition P. Gilarte & J. Plett & E. Pendall & Y. Carrillo & U. N. Nielsen
Received: 2 April 2020 / Accepted: 5 October 2020 # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Aims Root lesion nematodes (RLN) have negative impacts on legume-grass systems. These impacts might be moderated by bacterial feeding nematodes (BFN) presence. It remains unknown how these trophic groups of nematodes interactively impact plant productivity and dynamics of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) in grasslegume mixtures. We addressed this research gap using inter-kingdom interactions in a model system. Methods Chickpea and oat were grown in mono- and mixed cultures, and RLN and BFN were applied alone and in combination. Plant biomass, shoot C and N content and isotopic composition, and mineral N in soil were measured. Results RLN presence reduced root biomass across treatments. This reduction was stronger in the grass than the legume and was not modified by BFN. Nematodes increased plant shoot N concentrations. RLN and BFN had interactive effects on shoot nutrient concentration resulting in reduced shoot C concentration when both trophic groups were combined. Shoot δ15N data revealed transfer of symbiotically fixed N from chickpea
Responsible Editor: Eric Paterson. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-020-04735-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. P. Gilarte (*) : J. Plett : E. Pendall : Y. Carrillo : U. N. Nielsen Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797NSWPenrith 2751, Australia e-mail: [email protected]
to oat in the presence of RLN. However, this N transfer did not result in improved oat growth. Conclusions Interactive effects of soil organisms can cascade aboveground, influencing C and N dynamics and ecosystem productivity. Keywords Aboveground-belowground linkages . Agriculture . Plant interspecific interactions . Trophic levels . Bacterial feeding nematodes . Plant parasitic nematodes
Introduction Legume crops are a global source of inexpensive, sustainable protein (Aykroyd and Doughty 1982; Howieson et al. 2008). Legumes are also valued because of the ability of their microbial symbionts to fix atmospheric dinitrogen (N2) and to contribute this fixed N into the soil system (Van Rhijn and Vanderleyden 1995; Vance 2001). The ability of legume crops to improve soil nutrition has long been exploited by farmers who, since antiquity, have rotated their cereal crops with legumes to improve the yield of subsequent crops (Wortmann et al. 2000; Howieson et al. 2008). Thus, grass-legume mixtures constitute a managed agroecosystem that provides humans with essential services (Jensen et al. 2012; Dhakal and Islam 2018). Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is a widely cultivated legume and an important crop (Abbo et al. 2003). Among soil organisms, nematodes are ubiquitous, amounting to seve
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