Molecular Mechanisms of the Interactions Between Nematodes and Nematophagous Microorganisms
Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs), especially root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) and cyst nematodes (Heterodera spp. and Globodera spp.), cause significant plant damage of agricultural crops, resulting in considerable economic losses to farmers worldwi
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Molecular Mechanisms of the Interactions Between Nematodes and Nematophagous Microorganisms Juan Li, James Borneman, Paul Ruegger, Lianming Liang, and Ke-Qin Zhang
16.1 Introduction The global economic loss caused by PPNs in agriculture is estimated to be more than 157 billion US dollars each year [1]. The high impact of these nematodes on world agriculture is because of their wide distribution and their ability to attack every species of agronomic plants [2]. For decades, traditional methods to control PPNs have mainly relied on chemical nematicides, though crop rotation and resistant crop cultivars have also been used. However, currently available chemical nematicides can cause severe environmental problems and harm to human health, so most of them have been withdrawn from use. Moreover, the effectiveness of crop rotation is limited in some cropping systems due to PPNs often wide host ranges and/or long-term survival capabilities. Furthermore, the high genetic diversity within/among nematode populations can limit the effectiveness of nematode-resistant crops due to the limited resistant mechanisms of most current crop cultivars. Consequently, global crop production remains under heavy threat of PPNs. There is therefore an urgent need to find novel, environmentally friendly, and effective management strategies to control PPNs. For decades, scientists have been interested in developing environmental-friendly biological control agents to control the population of PPNs. Thus, as the natural enemies of nematode, nematophagous microorganisms have attracted significant J. Li (*) · L. Liang · K.-Q. Zhang State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, People’s Republic of China e-mail: [email protected] J. Borneman · P. Ruegger Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA e-mail: [email protected] © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 J.-M. Mérillon, K. G. Ramawat (eds.), Plant Defence: Biological Control, Progress in Biological Control 22, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51034-3_16
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attention. Up to now, several nematophagous fungi have been developed as nematode biological control agents, such as the nematophagous fungi Paecilomyces lilacinus and Pochonia chlamydosporia and nematophagous bacteria from the genus Bacillus [3–5]. Although they show great promise in antagonizing plant- parasitic nematodes, the practical application of nematophagous fungi is still limited, partly due to their relatively low effectiveness and inconsistency in agricultural and forest environments. We and others posit that elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying the interactions between nematophagous microorganisms and nematodes will be crucial for the development of highly effective biological control agents, which in turn can be used to create effective strategies to control PPNs. Recently, with advances in biotechnology, several genetically engineered nematophagous fungi with higher pathogenici
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