Dissecting Streptococcus pyogenes interaction with human
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MINI-REVIEW
Dissecting Streptococcus pyogenes interaction with human Munazza Ijaz1 · Fuad Ameen2 · Yaseen Abd Alfoteih3 · Saba Shamim1 · Wafa A. Alshehri4 · Ghulam Murtaza5 Received: 12 February 2020 / Revised: 26 March 2020 / Accepted: 29 May 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Streptococcus pyogenes is a species of Gram-positive bacteria. It is also known as Group A Streptococcus (GAS) that causes pathogenesis to humans only. The GAS infection has several manifestations including invasive illness. Current research has linked the molecular modes of GAS virulence with substantial sequencing determinations for the isolation of genomes. These advances help to comprehend the molecular evolution resulting in the pandemic strains. Thus, it is indispensable to reconsider the philosophy that involves GAS pathogenesis. The recent investigations involve studying GAS in the nasopharynx and its capability to cause infection or asymptomatically reside in the host. These advances have been discussed in this article with an emphasis on the natural history of GAS and the evolutionary change in the pandemic strains. In addition, this review describes the unique functions for major pathogenicity determinants to comprehend their physiological effects. Keywords Group A Streptococcus · Gram-positive bacteria · Pathogenesis · Invasive illness · Molecular modes · Nasopharynx
Research and development in Group A Streptococcus An important species of Gram-positive bacteria is Group A Streptococcus (GAS) or Streptococcus pyogenes. It occurs in humans only and is responsible for different diseases such as pneumonia, sore throat and flesh-eating disease (Carapetis et al. 2005; Rosinski-Chupin et al. 2019). The majority (~ 25%) of the school-going children and their family
Communicated by Erko Stackebrandt. * Saba Shamim [email protected] * Ghulam Murtaza [email protected] 1
Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
2
Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
3
City University College of Ajman, 18484 Ajman, United Arab Emirates
4
Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
5
Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus 54000, Pakistan
members are the carriers of GAS (Bessen 2009; DeMuri and Wald 2014; Martin 2016). Although the cases of GASrelated invasive illness are rare, it has a long history of research (Stevens and Bryant 2016). Nonetheless, the current research is focused on determining the genetic determinants and molecular modes involved in GAS colonization and pathogenicity. In addition, substantial studies on sequencing have brought a revolution in the field of GAS serology. GAS secrete a variety of virulence factors, as exemplified in Fig. 1. This review aims at the integration of GAS evolution with current developments in the role and regulation of virulence factors. The first part
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