Dissipation behavior of thiophanate-methyl in strawberry under open field condition in Egypt and consumer risk assessmen
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Dissipation behavior of thiophanate-methyl in strawberry under open field condition in Egypt and consumer risk assessment Farag Malhat 1 & Osama Abdallah 1 & Fayza Ahmed 1 & Shokr Abdel Salam 1 & Chris Anagnostopoulos 2 Mohamed Tawfic Ahmed 4
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Received: 20 February 2020 / Accepted: 17 July 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Thiophanate methyl is a broad-spectrum benzimidazole fungicide extensively applied in pre- and post-harvest, for the control of a wide range of fruit and vegetable pathogens. In the current work, the residue behavior of thiophanate methyl after application on strawberries and an estimation of the consumer dietary exposure was performed. Supervised field trials were conducted in Egypt (Qaluobiya Governorate) as to investigate the residue dynamics and terminal residues at different PHIs of thiophanate methyl and its metabolite carbendazim in strawberries under Egyptian conditions. For the measurement of residues in fruits, a QuEChERSbased protocol coupled with LC–MS/MS was optimized and successfully validated at 0.01 mg kg−1. The half-life (t1/2) of thiophanate methyl in strawberries was estimated, and a dietary risk assessment was performed employing both FAO/WHO and EFSA approaches. Keywords Carbendazim . Dissipation . Exponential model . Field trials . MRL . Residues . Risk assessment . Validation
Introduction One of the major emphases on crop protection technology in Egypt is to maintain a sound quality standard in order to comply with international regulations and requirements of
Editorial Responsibility: Lotfi Aleya Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10186-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Farag Malhat [email protected] * Chris Anagnostopoulos [email protected] 1
Pesticide Residues and Environmental Pollution Department, Central Agricultural Pesticide Laboratory, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt
2
Department of Pesticides Control and Phytopharmacy, Laboratory of Pesticides Residues, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 8 St. Delta Street, Kifissia, 14561 Athens, Greece
3
Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
international markets. Strawberry has a special economic niche among agricultural exports in Egypt as a major foreign currency earner. (Soliman et al. 2015). Demands for strawberry at local and international level are on the rise, and production is increasing annually to meet this soaring demand. Egypt is one of the top producers of strawberry, next to China, the USA, and Mexico with an annual production rate of 4 million tons (FAOSTAT 2017). Thiophanate-methyl [1, 2-bis-(3-methoxy carboxy-2thioureidobenzene)] (Fig. 1) is a broad-spectrum benzimidazole fungicide extensively applied in pre- and post-harvest, for the control of a wide range of fruit and vegetable pathogens (Ye et al. 2008). One main feature of thiopha
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