Soil dissipation and bioavailability to earthworms of two fungicides under laboratory and field conditions
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Soil dissipation and bioavailability to earthworms of two fungicides under laboratory and field conditions Sylvie Nélieu 1
&
Ghislaine Delarue 1 & Joël Amossé 2 & Sylvain Bart 2 & Alexandre R. R. Péry 2 & Céline Pelosi 2
Received: 16 October 2019 / Accepted: 20 July 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The representativeness of laboratory studies of the fate of pesticides in soil in field conditions is questionable. This study aimed at comparing the dissipation and bioavailability to earthworms of two fungicides, dimoxystrobin (DMX) and epoxiconazole (EPX), over 12 months under laboratory and field conditions. In both approaches, the fungicides were applied to the same loamy soil as a formulated mixture at several concentrations. We determined total DMX and EPX concentrations in the soil using exhaustive extraction, their environmental availability using mild extraction and their bioavailability through internal concentrations in exposed earthworms. The initial fungicide application appeared as much better controlled in terms of dose and homogeneity in the laboratory than in the field. One year after application, a similar dissipation rate was observed between the laboratory and field experiments (ca 80% and 60% for DMX and EPX, respectively). Similarly, the ratio of available/total concentrations in soil displayed the same trend whatever the duration and the conditions (field or lab), EPX being more available than DMX. Finally, the environmental bioavailability of the two fungicides to earthworms was heterogeneous in the field, but, in the laboratory, the bioaccumulation was evidenced to be dose-dependent only for DMX. Our findings suggest that the actual fate of the two considered fungicides in the environment is consistent with the one determined in the laboratory, although the conditions differed (e.g., presence of vegetation, endogeic earthworm species). This study allowed better understanding of the fate of the two considered active substances in the soil and underlined the need for more research dedicated to the link between environmental and toxicological bioavailability. Keywords Soil . Ecotoxicology . Pesticide . Bioavailability . Fate . Exposure
Introduction Responsible Editor: Chris Lowe Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10222-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Sylvie Nélieu [email protected] Joël Amossé [email protected] Sylvain Bart [email protected] 1
UMR ECOSYS, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment EGER, Avenue Lucien Brétignières, 78850 Thiverval Grignon, France
2
UMR ECOSYS, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78026 Versailles, France
About 2.5 million tons of pesticides with various modes of action are used yearly over vast areas worldwide (Zhang et al. 2011). Once applied, pesticides are subject to physical, chemical and biological dissipation processes including volatilization,
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