Distribution of nitrogen and oxygen compounds in shale oil distillates and their catalytic cracking performance
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Distribution of nitrogen and oxygen compounds in shale oil distillates and their catalytic cracking performance Xiao‑Bo Chen1 · Xin‑Yang Zhang1 · Ru‑Meng Qin1 · Sheng‑Jie Shan1 · Pan‑Deng Xia2 · Nan Li1 · Jun Pu1 · Ji‑Xia Liu1 · Yi‑Bin Liu1 · Chao‑He Yang1 Received: 25 February 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract The positive- and negative-ion electrospray ionization (ESI) coupled with Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) was employed to identify the chemical composition of heteroatomic compounds in four distillates of Fushun shale oil, and their catalytic cracking performance was investigated. There are nine classes of basic nitrogen compounds (BNCs) and eleven classes of non-basic heteroatomic compounds (NBHCs) in the different distillates. The dominant BNCs are mainly basic N1 class species. The dominant NBHCs are mainly acidic O2 and O1 class species in the 300–350 °C, 350–400 °C, and 400–450 °C distillates, while the neutral N1, N1O1 and N2 compounds become relatively abundant in the > 450 °C fraction. The basic N1 compounds and acidic O1 and O2 compounds are separated into different distillates by the degree of alkylation (different carbon number) but not by aromaticity (different double-bond equivalent values). The basic N1O1 and N2 class species and neutral N1 and N2 class species are separated into different distillates by the degrees of both alkylation and aromaticity. After the catalytic cracking of Fushun shale oil, the classes of BNCs in the liquid products remain unchanged, while the classes and relative abundances of NBHCs vary significantly. Keywords Molecular characterization · Shale oil · ESI FT-ICR MS · Nitrogen- and oxygen-containing compounds · Catalytic cracking performance
1 Introduction Oil shale is generally defined as a fine-grained sedimentary rock containing an organic substance called kerogen. After the heat treatment of kerogen, it can be converted into liquid shale oil and combustible shale gas (Feng et al. 2013; Tong et al. 2011; Sun et al. 2014). Consequently, oil shale has received much attention worldwide due to its substantial reserves, and it is proposed to be a key alternative to conventional crude oil resources (Solum et al. 2014; Fletcher et al. 2014; Hillier et al. 2013). Shale oil and shale gas have already been the main energy resources in a few countries, Edited by Xiu-Qiu Peng * Xiao‑Bo Chen [email protected] 1
State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China
Shandong Institute for Product Quality Inspection, Jinan 250102, China
2
and they have supplemented petroleum supplies in many countries throughout the world (Jin et al. 2012; Akash 2003; Hepbasli 2004). Shale oil is a complex organic mixture, and it contains thousands of hydrocarbons and heteroatomic organic compounds, such as sulfur-, nitrogen-, and oxygencontaining compounds (Tong et al. 2013; Chen et al. 2012). Shale oil can be refined into many useful products, such as transportation fuels and pe
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