Biogasoline Production from Palm Oil: Optimization of Catalytic Cracking Parameters
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RESEARCH ARTICLE-CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Biogasoline Production from Palm Oil: Optimization of Catalytic Cracking Parameters I. Gusti B. N. Makertihartha1,2 · Ryan B. Fitradi1,2 · Ayu R. Ramadhani1,2 · Melia Laniwati1,2 · Oki Muraza3 · Subagjo1,2 Received: 16 July 2019 / Accepted: 14 January 2020 © King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals 2020
Abstract Production of biogasoline from vegetable oil is one of the future directions in providing fuels for post-oil society. The catalytic cracking of refined bleached deodorized palm oil over a promoted ZSM-5 catalyst was carried out in a fixed-bed reactor. The fixed-bed catalytic process consists of three steps including reaction, stripping, and regeneration. The optimal catalytic cracking parameters were determined. The properties of catalyst were investigated by thermogravimetry analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and N 2 physisorption analysis while regeneration temperature effect toward catalyst acidity is being investigated by NH3 temperature programmed desorption technique. The apparent results show that the optimized reaction temperature was at 500 °C with a WHSV of 2.5 h−1 and the reaction time of 2 h. Meanwhile, the most effective regeneration temperature was found at 600 °C for three cycles of reaction–regeneration operation. During these cycles, 100% conversion of triglycerides and 48% selectivity to bio-naphtha can still be achieved. Keywords Vegetable oil · Catalytic cracking · Fixed bed · Operating parameters · Biogasoline · ZSM-5 List of Symbols ECN Effective carbon number Mr Molecular weight (gram/mole) C Moles (mole) x Molar fraction w Weight fraction
1 Introduction The palm oil has triglyceride structure, which consists of long-chain fatty acid in the range of C12–C20 [1]. One of the largest consumed transportation fuels is typically naphtha fraction. To fulfill the demand for naphtha (C6–C12), a catalytic cracking process was proposed to convert refined * I. Gusti B. N. Makertihartha [email protected] 1
Chemical Engineering Department, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
2
Center for Catalysis and Reaction Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
3
Chemical Engineering Department and Center of Research Excellence in Nanotechnology, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
bleached deodorized palm oil (RBDPO), a type of vegetable oil (C12–C20), to bio-naphtha or renewable naphtha. The process uses zeolite catalyst, a solid acid catalyst which is selective to facilitate the cracking of long-chain vegetable oil producing shorter chain of bio-naphtha fraction. The scheme of catalytic cracking of vegetable oil [2] is shown in Fig. 1. One of the most potential catalysts for catalytic cracking of vegetable oil is promoted ZSM-5 catalyst [3–8]. Based on our previous research on catalytic cracking of palm oil, promoted ZSM-5 was suitable to produce bio-naphtha fraction with an octane number of 95. In catalytic cr
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