Diversity and Evolution of Type III Secreted Effectors: A Case Study of Three Families
A broad range of Gram-negative bacteria employ a type III secretion system (T3SS) to deliver virulence proteins termed type III secreted effectors directly into the cytoplasm of eukaryotic host cells. While effectors can contribute to the colonization of
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Introduction.......................................................................................................................... LRR-Associated Novel E3 Ubiquitin Ligases (LRR-NELs).............................................. 2.1 LRR-NELs: General Features .................................................................................... 2.2 Canonical LRR-NEL Effector Proteins of Shigella, Salmonella, and Rhizhobia......................................................................................... 2.3 Variations on a Theme: Non-canonical LRR-NELs.................................................. 3 The YopJ Acetyltransferase Family.................................................................................... 3.1 YopJ-like Acetyltransferases: General Features......................................................... 3.2 Evolutionary Relationships Among the YopJ Effectors of Animal Pathogens .................................................................................................. 3.3 YopJ and Related Effectors Target Immunity-Related Kinases ................................ 3.4 Pseudomonas Syringae HopZ Proteins ...................................................................... 3.5 Evolutionary Relationships Among HopZ Alleles .................................................... 4 Transcription Activator-Like Effectors (TALEs) ................................................................ 4.1 TALEs: General Features ........................................................................................... 4.2 TALEs: RVD and Repeat Evolution ......................................................................... 4.3 TALEs: Genomic Organization and Distribution Among Xanthomonads ............... 4.4 TALEs: Truncated TALEs (TruncTALEs) and Interfering TALEs (ITALES) ....................................................................................................... 4.5 TALE Homologues: The ‘TALE-Like’ Effectors...................................................... 5 Conclusions.......................................................................................................................... References ..................................................................................................................................
Patrick Bastedo and Timothy Lo contributed equally to this work. D. P. Bastedo T. Lo B. Laflamme D. Desveaux (&) D. S. Guttman (&) Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada e-mail: [email protected] D. S. Guttman e-mail: [email protected] Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2019_165 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019
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D. P. Bastedo et al.
Abstract A broad range of Gram-negative bacteria employ a type III secretion system (T3SS) to deliver virulence proteins termed type III secreted effectors directly into the cytoplasm of eukaryotic host cells. While effectors can contribute to the colonization of eukaryotic hosts by bacteri
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