Diversity of parasitoids associated with fruit flies on cultivated and wild plants in southern Togo
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE
Diversity of parasitoids associated with fruit flies on cultivated and wild plants in southern Togo Mondjonnesso Gomina 1 & Jean-François Vayssières 2 & Boris Dodji Kasseney 1 & Isabelle Adolé Glitho 1 & Komina Amevoin 1 Received: 18 June 2019 / Accepted: 14 April 2020 # African Association of Insect Scientists 2020
Abstract Fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) are major constraints on the production and marketing of fruits in African tropical and subtropical countries. In a perspective to manage these fly pests, an inventory of parasitoids associated with fruit flies was carried out from 2009 to 2011 in southern Togo through various fruit incubations. Nine species of native hymenopteran parasitoids associated with eight fly species belonging to five genera Bactrocera, Ceratitis, Dacus, Trirhithrum and Zeugodacus were recovered. Trichopria sp. (Diapriidae) was the most abundant parasitoid. However, the numbers of Braconidae (Diachasmimorpha fullawayi Silvestri, Fopius caudatus Szépligeti and Asobara sp.), Figitidae (Aganaspis sp.), Pteromalidae (Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae Rondani and Spalangia sp.), Eulophidae (Tetrastichus giffardianus Silvestri) and Chalcididae (Dirhinus giffardii Silvestri) species were relatively low. The rate of parasitism of different species of recovered parasitoids ranged from 0.6 to 40%. This is an asset for future surveys in the center and northern regions and studies of interactions between fruit flies and their natural enemies in Togo. Keywords Fruit . Tephritidae . Parasitism rate . Fruit fly management
Introduction The production and exportation of horticultural crops contribute to the economic growth of sub-Saharan African countries (Vayssières et al. 2014). Fruit and vegetable production in Togo is relatively low and dominated by the traditional
* Mondjonnesso Gomina [email protected] Jean-François Vayssières [email protected] Boris Dodji Kasseney [email protected] Isabelle Adolé Glitho [email protected] Komina Amevoin [email protected] 1
Laboratoire d’Entomologie Appliquée, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Lomé, 1B.P 1515 Lomé1, Lome, Togo
2
CIRAD/Persyst/HortSys, Campus Agronomique de Kourou, Université de Montpellier, B.P. 701-Guyane-97387, Montpellier, France
farming system. This production (intended for local markets and exportation) constitutes therefore an income-earning activity (Gomina et al. 2014; FAO 2019). Thus in 2017, the country exported around 30,265 tons of fruits and vegetables for a value of 4.578 billion FCFA (FAO 2019). However, the exportation rate of fresh fruits like mangoes in Togo is very low compared to other countries of West Africa such as Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, Senegal and Mali (Vayssières et al. 2014). Unfortunately, in addition to the low production and exportation rate of fruit and vegetable, the infestation by fruit flies or tephritids (in the last decade), considerably reduce the yields and especially the market value of these crops. Indeed, fruit flies have great economic importance becau
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