DNA Alterations and Cellular Damage Induced by Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatories on Different Species of Fish
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a group of drugs used to reduce inflammation, pain, and fever by inhibiting the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX 1 and COX 2). These drugs have been positioned among the most consumed worldwide. After their bio
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ts 1 Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs 2 Oxidative Stress, Geno- and Cytotoxicity 3 Biomarkers and Bioindicators 4 Studies of Oxidative Damage on Aquatic Organisms 5 Conclusions References
Abstract Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a group of drugs used to reduce inflammation, pain, and fever by inhibiting the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX 1 and COX 2). These drugs have been positioned among the most consumed worldwide. After their biotransformation in the body, they are eliminated as metabolites, and also in the environment they can undergo transformations,
N. SanJuan-Reyes (*) and R. Pérez-Pastén Borja Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico e-mail: [email protected] L. M. Gómez-Oliván and H. Islas-Flores Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Mexico M. Galar-Martínez and S. García-Medina Laboratory of Aquatic Toxicology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico Leobardo Manuel Gómez-Oliván (ed.), Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in Water: Emerging Contaminants and Ecological Impact, Hdb Env Chem, DOI 10.1007/698_2020_544, © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
N. SanJuan-Reyes et al.
generating products that are more toxic than the original molecule. Several studies have shown that NSAIDs are not eliminated in conventional treatments used by wastewater treatment plants and represent a continuous contribution to the environment, causing significant effects on biota. However, there has been little attention given to the study of its toxic effects on aquatic organisms. The objective of this chapter is to review, compile, and analyze the oxidative damage induced by NSAIDs in different aquatic organisms, to evaluate the ecotoxicological effects of this type of drugs. Keywords Aquatic species, Drugs, Toxic effects
1 Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are drugs commonly used to treat pain, inflammation, and fever and occupy the first position among the most widely used drugs worldwide [1, 2]. These drugs are available in a variety of doses and formulations making them more accessible to the population. These include acetaminophen, acetylsalicylic acid, diclofenac, ibuprofen, ketorolac, and naproxen, among others. Its mechanism of action consists in the inhibition of cyclooxygenase, COX-1 and COX-2 isoforms, involved in the synthesis of different prostaglandins from arachidonic acid [3, 4]. Once they have fulfilled the purpose for which they were designed, these drugs are discharged and can reach the bodies of water through municipal, hospital, and industrial effluents, where transformation products that are formed are molecules that form in the environment as a result of abiotic processes such as photolysis and hydrolysis and which may be more toxic than the original drug. The presence of drugs in the environment is a function of
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