Anthracene-induced DNA damage and oxidative stress: a combined study at molecular and cellular levels
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Anthracene-induced DNA damage and oxidative stress: a combined study at molecular and cellular levels Kailun Sun 1 & Yan Song 2 & Wansong Zong 3 & Jingchun Tang 4 & Rutao Liu 1 Received: 4 May 2020 / Accepted: 7 July 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract At present, research progress of anthracene’s toxicity lags far behind the pollution caused on its application fields such as petroleum and minerals. In this paper, anthracene-induced oxidative stress effects and genetic toxicity were investigated at both the molecular and cellular levels. The intracellular oxidative stress effect of anthracene on earthworm primary coelomocyte was confirmed by the detection of reactive oxygen species, antioxidant enzymes activity, and malondialdehyde content. Moreover, after anthracene exposure, the decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential and cell viability also indicated the adverse effects of anthracene on earthworm coelomocyte. The comet assay proved the break in DNA strand, revealing the anthraceneinduced DNA damage. On the molecular level, we revealed that anthracene caused the shrinkage of the catalase skeleton and altered the microenvironment of chromophores of catalase by multi-spectral methods. Molecular simulation results indicated that anthracene interacted with His74 by “arene-arene” force and the dominant binding site between anthracene and catalase was close to the active site of catalase. In addition, anthracene was shown to bind to the DNA molecule by groove binding mode. This study proposed a new combined analysis method for the toxicity evaluation of anthracene at the cellular and molecular levels. Keywords Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon . Cytotoxicity . DNA . Catalase . Interaction mechanisms
Highlights 1. This study established a combined molecular and cellular toxicity evaluation method. 2. ANT changed the structure of ctDNA in form of groove binding and the break of DNA strand of earthworm coelomocyte was observed by means of SCGE. 3. ANT-induced decline of MMP in earthworm coelomocyte was detected. 4. ANT induced the intracellular oxidative stress and significantly inhibited the cell viability of earthworm coelomocyte. Novelty statement In this study, we used multi-spectral methods and molecular simulation technique, and performed a series of cell experiments, including comet assay, to reveal the ANT-induced oxidative stress and genetic toxicity both at the molecular and cellular levels. The findings verified the cytotoxicity and genetic toxicity of ANT and revealed its molecular mechanism. This study creatively proposed a new combined analysis for the toxicity evaluation of ANT at the cellular and molecular levels, and further emphasized the importance of focusing on the potential toxicity of ANT in the environment. Responsible Editor: Lotfi Aleya Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10049-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Rutao Liu
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