DNA Nanodevices to Probe and Program Membrane Organization, Dynamics, and Applications
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DNA Nanodevices to Probe and Program Membrane Organization, Dynamics, and Applications Anjali Rajwar1 · Vinod Morya1 · Sumit Kharbanda1 · Dhiraj Bhatia1,2 Received: 21 July 2020 / Accepted: 7 November 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Continuous, dynamic, and controlled membrane remodeling creates flow of information and materials across membranes to sustain life in all biological systems. Multiple nanoscale phenomena of membranes regulate mesoscale processes in cells, which in turn control macro-scale processes in living organisms. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that cells use for membrane homeostasis, i.e., to generate, maintain, and deform the membrane structures has therefore been the mammoth’s task in biology. Using the principles of DNA nanotechnology, researchers can now precisely recapitulate the functional interactions of the biomolecules that can now probe, program, and re-program membrane remodeling and associated phenomena. The molecular mechanisms for membrane dynamics developing in vitro conditions in which the membrane modulating components are precisely organized and modulated by DNA nanoscaffolds are adding new chapters in the field of DNA nanotechnology. In this review, we discuss DNA nanodevices-based membrane remodeling and trafficking machineries and their applications in biological systems. Graphic Abstract
Introduction Anjali Rajwar, Vinod Morya, and Sumit Kharbanda have contributed equally to this work. * Dhiraj Bhatia [email protected] Extended author information available on the last page of the article
Lipid membranes act as functional interfacial barriers that regulate the structural organization and compartmentalization inside the cells or organelles (Meer et al. 2008). Peripheral and integral membrane proteins are involved in multiple
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fundamental phenomena, like signal transduction, intracellular transport, energy conversion, and intra- and intercellular communications, repair, and many others (Cournia 2015). The structural and functional symphony between these proteins and the characteristics of lipid membranes have been the cornerstone of membrane research for long time (Rothman 1994). Even though of immense importance, these amphipathic molecules have always challenged scientists to produce and purify them in adequate amounts, stoichiometric ratios, and the difficulty to retain their native states while reconstituting them in artificial systems (Liu and Fletcher 2009). There appears a dire need to develop innovative experimental approaches based on the concepts of synthetic functional analogs of membrane components— i.e., creating biology to understand biology. The classical synthetic biology approaches in terms of producing artificial proteins-based scaffolds is still limited in that we cannot precisely control the structure of proteins by modulating their sequences. DNA nanotechnology appears to be a promising platform that holds potential to be molded into membrane-e
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