Draft genome sequences of Hirudo medicinalis and salivary transcriptome of three closely related medicinal leeches
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Open Access
Draft genome sequences of Hirudo medicinalis and salivary transcriptome of three closely related medicinal leeches Vladislav V. Babenko1* , Oleg V. Podgorny1,2, Valentin A. Manuvera1,3, Artem S. Kasianov3,4, Alexander I. Manolov1, Ekaterina N. Grafskaia1,3, Dmitriy A. Shirokov1, Alexey S. Kurdyumov1, Dmitriy V. Vinogradov5,6, Anastasia S. Nikitina1,3, Sergey I. Kovalchuk1,7, Nickolay A. Anikanov1,7, Ivan O. Butenko1, Olga V. Pobeguts1, Daria S. Matyushkina1, Daria V. Rakitina1, Elena S. Kostryukova1, Victor G. Zgoda8, Isolda P. Baskova9, Vladimir M. Trukhan10, Mikhail S. Gelfand5,6,11,12, Vadim M. Govorun1,3, Helgi B. Schiöth10,13 and Vassili N. Lazarev1,3
Abstract Background: Salivary cell secretion (SCS) plays a critical role in blood feeding by medicinal leeches, making them of use for certain medical purposes even today. Results: We annotated the Hirudo medicinalis genome and performed RNA-seq on salivary cells isolated from three closely related leech species, H. medicinalis, Hirudo orientalis, and Hirudo verbana. Differential expression analysis verified by proteomics identified salivary cell-specific gene expression, many of which encode previously unknown salivary components. However, the genes encoding known anticoagulants have been found to be expressed not only in salivary cells. The function-related analysis of the unique salivary cell genes enabled an update of the concept of interactions between salivary proteins and components of haemostasis. Conclusions: Here we report a genome draft of Hirudo medicinalis and describe identification of novel salivary proteins and new homologs of genes encoding known anticoagulants in transcriptomes of three medicinal leech species. Our data provide new insights in genetics of blood-feeding lifestyle in leeches. Keywords: Leech H. medicinalis, Genome, Haematophagy, Anticoagulants, Systems biology
Background The genome sequencing of haematophagous animals and transcriptional profiling of their salivary glands has attracted considerable attention in recent years because many haematophagous species transmit various infectious diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and helminths. The elucidation of the genetic mechanisms that allow haematophagous species * Correspondence: [email protected] 1 Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 1a Malaya Pirogovskaya Str, Moscow 119435, Russia Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
to act as vectors of pathogenic organisms [1–5] is of great importance for public health care, veterinary medicine, and microbiology. Like other hematophagous species, blood-sucking leeches, belonging to the subclass Hirudinea (true leeches) of the phylum Annelida, attract interest in regard to the identification of novel bioactive compounds. Bloodsucking leeches and, in particular, medicinal leeches, have been used for bloodletting to treat diverse ailments since ancient times [6]. Although there is a high risk of
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