Dual-stimulus magnetoelectric energy harvesting
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Introduction Energy is the most important resource for the growth and sustainability of human life and societies. Fossil fuel resources are scarce and will probably be unavailable within a few generations. The world has already witnessed severe pollution and environmental damage from the use of fossil energy. Researchers around the world are racing to explore cleaner energy sources that are affordable as well as renewable and sustainable. Harvesting energy from otherwise wasted resources such as sunlight, wind, industrial heat, magnetic noise, and mechanical vibrations has been rigorously researched as a promising technology enabling the deployment of autonomous wireless sensor networks ([WSNs], sensor arrays for monitoring and recording the physical conditions of the environment and organizing the collected data at a central location) for the Internet of Things ([IoT], the network of physical devices, vehicles, home appliances, and other items embedded with electronics, software, sensors, actuators, and network connectivity that enables these objects to connect and exchange data), which normally need a continuous power supply.1–5
Conventional methods for vibration energy harvesting are based on electromagnetic, electrostatic, piezoelectric, and magnetostrictive energy-conversion mechanisms.2,6–11 Among these, the piezoelectric mechanism based on a cantilever structure seems to be especially promising for WSN technologies because it is a simple structure that can be used directly to harvest vibration energy, and it shows a higher power density compared with electromagnetic, electrostatic, and magnetostrictive energy-conversion mechanisms. However, piezoelectric harvesters have a narrow bandwidth and limited power density.2,6–11 Another attractive energy source ubiquitously available are magnetic fields from various sources. For instance, electric transmission cables, most domestic appliances, transportation systems, and electromagnetic motors all generate low magnetic fields at a fixed frequency of 50/60 Hz. The ubiquitous though small geomagnetic field (
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