Liquid-state pyroelectric energy harvesting
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH Liquid-state pyroelectric energy harvesting
M. Bevione, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Sustainable Future Technologies, Via Livorno 60, Torino 10144, Italy E. Garofalo and L. Cecchini, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Sustainable Future Technologies, Via Livorno 60, Torino 10144, Italy; Department of Electronics, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Torino 10129, Italy A. Chiolerio , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Sustainable Future Technologies, Via Livorno 60, Torino 10144, Italy Address all correspondence to A. Chiolerio at [email protected] (Received 25 July 2020; accepted 12 October 2020)
ABSTRACT A liquid-state pyroelectric energy harvester is described and a remarkable capacity to convert a thermal gradient into electrical energy is demonstrated. Increasing the sustainability of energy generation can be pursued by harvesting extremely low enthalpy sources: low temperature differences between cold and hot reservoirs are easily achieved in every industrial process, both at large and small scales, in plants as well as in small appliances, vehicles, natural environments, and human bodies. This paper presents the assessment and efficiency estimate of a liquid-state pyroelectric energy harvester, based on a colloid containing barium titanate nanoparticles and ferrofluid as a stabilizer. The liquid is set in motion by an external pump to control velocity, in a range similar to the one achieved by Rayleigh–Bénard convection, and the colloid reservoir is heated. The colloid is injected into a Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene pipe where titanium electrodes are placed to collect electrical charges generated by pyroelectricity on the surface of the nanoparticles, reaching 22.4% of the ideal Carnot efficiency of a thermal machine working on the same temperature drop. The maximum extracted electrical power per unit of volume is above 7 mW/m3 with a ΔT between electrodes of 3.9 K. Keywords: colloid; efficiency; ferroelectric; fluid; inorganic; liquid; piezoelectric; renewable; sustainability; tribology
Introduction In recent years, the impact of economic growth on energy consumption has become increasingly important. Its
DISCUSSION POINTS • For the first time, a liquid pyroelectric generator featuring galvanic extraction is demonstrated. • Any triboelectric contribution is separated from the pure pyroelectric one to estimate conversion efficiency. • A comprehensive theoretical framework is proposed to interpret data. • Charge transfer phenomena occurring at liquid/solid interfaces lack understanding.
implications on the emission of polluting agents are now well known as well as the obvious consequences on climatic conditions. According to the last International Energy Outlook (IEO) of the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), the world energy consumption is expected to grow by approximately 15% for the countries members of the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and by approximately 70% for the others, in the years ra
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