Dynamic Model of Basic Oxygen Steelmaking Process Based on Multizone Reaction Kinetics: Modeling of Manganese Removal
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MANGANESE serves as an important alloying element in almost all commercial grades of steel. The presence of Mn can influence several critical properties of steel. High Mn can improve mechanical properties of steel, such as hardenability, toughness, and strength.[1] On the other hand, low Mn is required for ULC (ultra-low carbon) steels that require deep drawing applications. In many steel plants, manganese ore has been added to achieve high Mn at the end blow. This technique improves the process economics by reducing
BAPIN KUMAR ROUT, GEOFFREY BROOKS, and M. AKBAR RHAMDHANI are with the Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, 3122, Australia. Contact e-mail: [email protected] ZUSHU LI is with WMG, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK. FRANK N.H. SCHRAMA and WILLEM VAN DER KNOOP are with Tata Steel, Netherlands, Building 4H16, PO Box 10000, 1970 CA IJmuiden, The Netherlands. Manscript submitted October 13, 2017.
METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS B
the addition of ferromanganese (FeMn) in the subsequent secondary steelmaking process.[1] On the other hand, some steel plants face the problem of high Mn (> 1 wt pct) hot metal due to the use of lean iron ore having a high percentage of MnO in the blast furnace.[2] Processing of high Mn in BOF (basic oxygen furnace) is challenging as it causes problems such as slopping, refractory lining consumption, and yield losses. The manganese in such converters is refined by either overblowing oxygen or deslagging at the intermediate blow period. Therefore, it is very important to understand the manganese refining behavior under blowing conditions in order to precisely control and improve the yield of Mn in a BOF process. Several theoretical and experimental studies on the thermodynamics of manganese equilibrium between the metal and slag have been reported in the literature.[1,3–7] As a result, numerous semi-empirical correlations describing the partitioning ratio of Mn (LMn) between the metal and slag containing manganese oxide are available in the literature.[1,3–11] Owing to the difficulty in measuring the Mn distribution ratio between the carbon saturated Fe and FeO bearing slag (due to CO
gas bubbling), researchers often applied indirect experimental techniques to obtain the equilibrium data. Suito et al.,[3–5] Kim et al.,[8] Jung[10] and Morales et al.[1] developed equilibrium distribution models based on experimentally obtained data between liquid iron (Fe-Mn alloy) and slag. Another group of researchers used the equilibrium data between liquid Cu or Ag with slag to establish Mn distribution model for carbon saturated iron melts.[7,9] The above studies agree that the equilibrium Mn distribution between slag and metal increases with increase in total iron (T. Fe) in slag and decreases with increase in basicity (pct CaO/ pct SiO2).[3–11] Due to exothermic nature of Mn oxidation reaction, the negative effect of temperature on demanganization has been reported.[3–6,11] It was further suggested that the
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