Dynamics of Multidimensional Inequality Across Different Occupations in Pakistan
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Dynamics of Multidimensional Inequality Across Different Occupations in Pakistan Atta Ullah Khan1 · Abdul Saboor2 · Aadil Hameed Shah2 Accepted: 25 August 2020 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Tremendous increase in occupational multidimensional inequality has become an emerging challenge across the developing globe. Present research examines the inequality in unidimensional and multidimensional spectrum across different occupations at provincial level in Pakistan through HIES/PSLM survey data for the years 1998–1999 and 2013–2014. The estimation of uni-dimensional inequality based upon positive and normative measures (Gini-coefficient; and Atkinson measure and Generalized Entropy Index). Analysis of multidimensional inequality employs the methodology of Araar (The hybrid multidimensional index of inequality. CIRPEE. Working Paper 09-45, 2009), while using three core dimensions i.e. health, education and housing services. Results indicate the reduction in inequality among all occupations in uni-dimensional context over the time, with the exception of self-employed group, which have experienced higher consumption inequality. The figures of multidimensional inequality identify that daily wage labor has experienced higher inequality in multidimensional context, because of having smaller income that restrict them to enjoy the basic facilities of life as compare to higher income groups associated with other professions. At the provincial level, Punjab has lower multidimensional inequality across all professions, which was mainly attributed to the fact that wider population of such provinces belong to urban areas and having good access to basic facilities and other necessities of life. Contrarely, Baluchistan has higher multidimensional inequality, mainly due to over spread rural sector along with poor access to basic facilities like as health, education & housing services. Keywords Inequality · Uni-dimensional · Multidimensional · Occupations · Pakistan
* Abdul Saboor [email protected] Atta Ullah Khan [email protected] Aadil Hameed Shah [email protected] 1
Department of Economics, Preston University, Islamabad Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan
2
Department of Economics and Agricultural Economics, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Murree Road, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
13
Vol.:(0123456789)
A. U. Khan et al.
1 Introduction The co-existence of inequality and economic growth has been a universally acknowledged dilemma along with the converging and diverging consequences. At the same time, prevalence of overwhelming occupational inequalities across the developing economies can never be denied, which mainly hinders to materialize the dream of welfare economics. Though, the economic growth is generally taken as a bench mark to promote the living standard of the people. However, to achieve beneficial impact from economic growth, it is imperative to transmit the fruits at the smaller income subgroup level; thereby reducing widespread income disparities. According to Kemal (2000) improvement in economi
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