Earth Observation for Crustal Tectonics and Earthquake Hazards
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Earth Observation for Crustal Tectonics and Earthquake Hazards J. R. Elliott1 · M. de Michele2 · H. K. Gupta3 Received: 6 December 2019 / Accepted: 6 August 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract In this paper, we illustrate some of the current methods for the exploitation of data from Earth Observing satellites to measure and understand earthquakes and shallow crustal tectonics. The aim of applying such methods to Earth Observation data is to improve our knowledge of the active fault sources that generate earthquake shaking hazards. We provide examples of the use of Earth Observation, including the measurement and modelling of earthquake deformation processes and the earthquake cycle using both radar and optical imagery. We also highlight the importance of combining these orbiting satellite datasets with airborne, in situ and ground-based geophysical measurements to fully characterise the spatial and timescale of temporal scales of the triggering of earthquakes from an example of surface water loading. Finally, we conclude with an outlook on the anticipated shift from the more established method of observing earthquakes to the systematic measurement of the longer-term accumulation of crustal strain. Keywords Earth observation · Earthquakes · InSAR · Geophysical modelling · Seismic hazard · Deformation Abbreviations AGGM Airborne gravity gradient and magnetic ASTER Advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer ALOS-PALSAR Advanced land-observing satellite phased-array-type L-band synthetic aperture radar AW3D Advance world 3-dimensional BEM Bare earth model BRGM Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières CNES Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales COMET Centre for the Observation and Modelling of Earthquakes,Volcanoes and Tectonics * J. R. Elliott [email protected] 1
COMET, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
2
BRGM, 3 Avenue Claude Guillemin, 45060 Orléans Cedex 2, France
3
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad 500007, India
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Vol.:(0123456789)
Surveys in Geophysics
DEM Digital elevation model EO Earth observation ESA European space agency GBIS Geodetic Bayesian Inversion Software GCMT Global centroid moment tensor GTEP Geohazards thematic exploitation platform GNSS Global navigation satellite system ICDP International continental drilling programme ICA Independent component analysis InSAR Interferometric SAR ISC International seismological centre ISRO Indian Space Research Organization LEO Low Earth Orbit LiDAR Light detection and ranging LoS Line of sight Mw Moment magnitude NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration PALSAR-2 Phased-array-type L-band synthetic aperture radar-2 PRISM Panchromatic remote sensing instrument for stereo mapping RGB Red, Green, Blue RTS Reservoir-triggered seismicity SAR Synthetic aperture radar SLC Single look complex SPOT Satellite Pour l’Observation de la Terre SRTM Shuttle radar topography mission TIR Th
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