Earth Observation for the Assessment of Earthquake Hazard, Risk and Disaster Management
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Earth Observation for the Assessment of Earthquake Hazard, Risk and Disaster Management J. R. Elliott1 Received: 6 December 2019 / Accepted: 23 July 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Earthquakes pose a significant hazard, and due to the growth of vulnerable, exposed populations, global levels of seismic risk are increasing. In the past three decades, a dramatic improvement in the volume, quality and consistency of satellite observations of solid earth processes has occurred. I review the current Earth Observing (EO) systems commonly used for measuring earthquake and crustal deformation that can help constrain the potential sources of seismic hazard. I examine the various current contributions and future potential for EO data to feed into aspects of the earthquake disaster management cycle. I discuss the implications that systematic assimilation of Earth Observation data has for the future assessment of seismic hazard and secondary hazards, and the contributions it will make to earthquake disaster risk reduction. I focus on the recent applications of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and increasingly the use of Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) for the derivation of crustal deformation and these data’s contribution to estimates of hazard. I finish by examining the outlook for EO in geohazards in both science and decision-making, as well as offering some recommendations for an enhanced acquisition strategy for SAR data. Keywords Earth Observation · Earthquakes · Seismic hazard · Disaster risk reduction · InSAR · Crustal strain Abbreviations ASI Agenzia Spaziale Italiana ASTER Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer ALOS-PALSAR Advanced Land Observing Satellite Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar AW3D Advance World 3-Dimensional BIROS Bi-spectral InfraRed Optical System CNES Centre National d’Études Spatiales COMET Centre for the Observation and Modelling of Earthquakes, Volcanoes and Tectonics CONAE Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales * J. R. Elliott [email protected] 1
COMET, School of Earth & Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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Vol.:(0123456789)
Surveys in Geophysics
COSMO Constellation of small Satellites for the Mediterranean basin Observation CoV Coefficient of variation CSA Canadian Space Agency DAC Development Assistance Committee DEM Digital Elevation Model DLR Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt DRM Disaster risk management EO Earth Observation EROS Earth Resources Observation Satellite ESA European Space Agency GDEM Global Digital Elevation Model GDP Gross Domestic Product GEAR Global Earthquake Activity Rate GEO Group on Earth Observations GEM Global Earthquake Model GNSS Global Navigation Satellite System GSNL Geohazard Supersites and Natural Laboratories GSRM Global Strain Rate Model GTEP Geohazards Thematic Exploitation Platform InSAR Interferometric SAR INTA Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial ISRO Indian Space Research Organization JAXA Japan Aerospace E
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