Ecological Heterogeneity

An attractive, promising, and frustrating feature of ecology is its complex­ ity, both conceptual and observational. Increasing acknowledgment of the importance of scale testifies to the shifting focus in large areas of ecology. In the rush to explore pro

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Volume 86

Ecological Studies Volume 70 The Northem Forest Border in Canada ud AJaska (1989) By JA. Larsen Volume 71 Tidal F1at Estuaries: Simulation and Analysis of the Ems Estuary (1988) Edited by J. Baretta and P. Ruardij Volume 72 Acidie Deposition and Forest Soils (1989) By D. Binkley, C.T. Driscoll, H.L Allen, P. Schoeneberger, and D. McAvoy Volume 73 Tom Organie Chemieals in Porous Media (1989) Edited by Z. GerstI, Y. ehen, U. Mingelgrin, and B. Yaron Volume 74 Inorganie Contaminants in the Vadose Zone (1989) Edited by B. Bar-Yosef, NJ. Barnow, and J. Goldshmid Volume 7S The Grazing Land Eeosystems of the Afriean Sahel (1989) By H.N. Le Hou~rou Volume 76 Vaseular Plants as Epiphytes: Evolution and Eeophysiology (1989) Edited by U. Lilttge Volume 77 Air PoOution and Forest Dedine: A Study of Spruee (Picea abies) on Acid Soils (1989) Edited by E.-D. Schulze, O.L Lange, and R. Oren

Volume 78 Agroecology: Researehing the Eeologieal Basis for Sustainable Agrieulture (1990) Edited by S.R. G1iessman Volume 79 Remote Sensing of Biosphere Fundioning (1990) Edited by R.J. Hobbs and HA. Mooney VolumeSO Plant Biology of the Basin and Range (1990) Edited by C.B. Osmond, L.F. Pitelka, and G.M.Hidy Volume 81 Nitrogen in Terrestrial Eeosystems (1990) ByC.O. Tamm Volume 82 Quantitative Methods in Landseape Eeology (1990) Edited by M.G. Turner and R.H. Gardner Volume 83 The Rivers of F10rida (1990) Edited by R.J. Livingston Volume84 Fire in the Tropital Biota: Eeosystem Proeesses and Global ChaOenges (1990) Edited by J.G. Goldammer Volume 8S The Mosaie-Cytle Contept of Ecosystems (1991) Edited by H. Remmert Volume 86 Eeologital Heterogeneity (1991) Edited by J. Kolasa and S.TA. Pickett

J urek Kolasa Steward T.A. Pickett Editors

Ecological Heterogeneity Contributors T.F.H. Allen, J.J. Armesto, J.P. Barry, S. Brand, H. Caswell, P. Chesson, J.E. Cohen, R.K. Colwell, P.K. Dayton, J.A. Downing, R.H. Gardner, T.W. Hoekstra, B. Jackson, P.A. Keddy, C. Loehle, M.J. McDonnell, R.P. McIntosh, B.T. Milne, S. Naeem, R.V.O'Neill, C.D. Rollo, M. Shachak, M.G. Turner With 72 Illustrations

Springer-Verlag New York Berlin Heidelberg London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong Barcelona

Jurek Kolasa Department of Biology McMaster University Hamilton, Ontario LSS 4K1 Canada

Steward T.A. Pickett Institute of Ecosystem Studies Tbe New York Botanical Garden Mary Flagler Cary Arboretum Millbrook, NY 12545 USA

Cover illustration: Haida Dog Salmon: Skaagi by Bill Reid 1974.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Ecological heterogeneity/Jurek Kolasa, Steward T.A. Pickett, editors. p. cm.-(Ecological studies; V. 86) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-1-4612-7781-1 1. Ecological heterogeneity. I. Kolasa, Jurek. 11. Pickett, Steward T., 1950- . III. Series. QH54l.15.E24E28 1991 574.5'24-dc20 90-45476 Printed on acid-free paper.

© 1991 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.

Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1991 All right reserved. Tbis work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written perm