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G4 DNA ▶G-Quartet DNA

GABA Definition GABA (gamma aminobutyric acid) acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. GABA-ergic neurotransmission via (inhibitory) interneurons is involved in most brain functions. ▶Addiction, Molecular Biology

Gain-of-Function Screens Definition Gain-of-function screens are mutational screens based on the over- or misexpression of genes, aimed at detecting genes that may show no loss-of-function effect. Ectopic expression of an endogenous transcription unit adjacent to the 5′ end of the randomly integrated P element is dependent on the expression of the GAL4 gene (Drosophila melanogaster), and thus may be spatially and temporally controlled. ▶Drosophila as a Model Organism for Functional Genomics

GAL4–Expression System Gag Definition Definition Gag is a retrovirus gene that encodes the retroviral internal structural proteins ▶MA, CA, and ▶NC, and some others. ▶Retroviruses

Gain-of-Function Mutations Gain of function mutations describes mutations that result in new (protein) functions in heterozygous individuals. ▶Huntington’s Disease ▶Loss of Function Mutation ▶Mendelian Forms of Human Hypertension and Mechanisms of Disease ▶Mouse Genomics ▶Tumor Suppressor Genes

The GAL4–expression system is a method for directed gene expression that can be used to misexpress genes in specific cell types, or tissues, at different times of development. This system relies on the generation of transgenic lines that carry “activator” or “effector” constructs. Activator lines express the yeast transcription factor, Gal4, under the control of a desired promoter, whereas effector lines contain DNA binding motifs for Gal4–(UAS) linked to the gene of interest. ▶Drosophila as a Model Organism for Functional Genomics

Gamates ▶Germ Cells

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Gamma Rays

Gamma Rays

Gap

Definition

Definition

Gamma rays are an energetic form of electromagnetic radiation produced by radioactivity or other nuclear or subatomic processes such as electron-positron annihilation. Gamma rays are often defined to begin at an energy of 10 keV, although electromagnetic radiation from around 10 keV to several hundred keV is also referred to as hard X-rays. Gamma rays are a form of ionizing radiation; they are more penetrating than either alpha or beta radiation (neither of which is electromagnetic radiation), but less ionizing. ▶Molecular Imaging

A space introduced into an alignment to compensate for insertions or deletions in one sequence relative to another. ▶Protein Databases

Gammaretroviruses Definition Gammaretroviruses refers to the genus of simple retroviruses that includes murine and feline leukemia viruses. Many species contain oncogenes and cause leukemias and sarcomas. ▶Retroviruses

Gammaretroviruses IN (Integrase) Definition Gammaretroviruses IN (integrase) is the retrovirus virion enzyme, and is a product of the pol gene. ▶Retroviruses

Gamma-Secretase (Complex) The γ-secretase (complex) is a multimeric complex that is composed of at least four different transmembrane proteins (presenilin 1