Economics for a Fairer Society Going Back to Basics using Agent-Base
This Palgrave Pivot presents experiments that reveal core dynamics of trade in a complex system. Monetary trade is stripped of all its complications and placed in agent-based models, a complexity research tool capable of reproducing emergent behaviour and
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Tim Gooding
Economics for a Fairer Society
Tim Gooding
Economics for a Fairer Society Going Back to Basics using Agent-Based Models
Tim Gooding Kingston University Kingston upon Thames, UK
ISBN 978-3-030-17019-6 ISBN 978-3-030-17020-2 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-17020-2 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and the Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Cover illustration: © Harvey Loake This Palgrave Pivot imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Contents
1 Introduction 1 References 5 2
First Nation Transition 7 References 11
3
Complexity, Emergence, and Evolution 13 3.1 Defining Complexity 14 3.2 Defining and Detecting Emergent Behaviour 15 3.3 Evolution 18 3.3.1 Evolutionary Fitness 19 3.3.2 Fitness Test 20 3.3.3 Evolutionary Solutions 21 3.4 Summary Note 21 References 21
4
Agent-Based Model History and Development 25 4.1 History 26 4.2 Two Types of Agent-Based Models 28 4.3 Agent-Based Modelling Pitfalls 30 4.4 The ‘Model Tuning’ Criticism 33 References 34
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Contents
5 Netlogo 37 5.1 Netlogo Agents and Environment 38 5.2 Brief Overview of Basic Netlogo Processes 40 5.3 Netlogo Random Number Generator 41 5.4 Netlogo Graphs 42 References 43 6
Evolution in Netlogo 45 6.1 Genetic Algorithms 46 6.2 Evolution by Circumstance 48 6.3 Evolutionary Strength 50 References 51
7
Verifying Model Results 53 7.1 Verifying the Code 54 7.2 Pattern Robustness 55 7.2.1 Non-evolutionary Patterns 55 7.2.2 Evolutionary Patterns 57 7.3 Summary 60 References 60
8
Money Distribution 61 8.1 The Simple Economy 63 8.2 The Toy Trader Model 65 8.3 Toy Trader Rationale and Definitions 71 8.4 The Gini Coefficient 73 8.5 Summ
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