Ecotoxicity assessment of a molybdenum mining effluent using acute lethal, oxidative stress, and osmoregulatory endpoint
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Ecotoxicity assessment of a molybdenum mining effluent using acute lethal, oxidative stress, and osmoregulatory endpoints in zebrafish (Danio rerio) Dong Chen 1,2 & Jing Zhang 1,2 & Yi-ping Chen 1 Received: 25 May 2020 / Accepted: 13 September 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The present study investigated the ecotoxicity of raw mining effluent from the largest molybdenum (Mo) open-pit mine in the Qinling mountains, China, and the treated effluent with neutralization and coagulation/adsorption processes, using zebrafish (Danio rerio). The results showed the following: (1) the mining effluent is acid mine drainage (AMD) and is highly toxic to zebrafish with a 96-h median lethal concentration (LC50) of 3.80% (volume percentage) of the raw effluent; (2) sublethal concentrations of the raw effluent (1/50, 1/10, and 1/2 96-h LC50) induced oxidative stress and osmoregulatory impairment, as reflected by the alterations in activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase and contents of malondialdehyde, and inhibition of Na+, K+-ATPase activity in gills and muscle after 28 days of sub-chronic exposure when compared with the unexposed group; and (3) the treatment of the raw effluent with neutralizer (NaOH) and adsorbent activated carbon reduced the acute lethal effect of raw effluent. The used endpoints including acute lethal and biochemical parameters related to oxidative stress and osmoregulatory impairment in zebrafish are cost-effective for toxicity assessment of AMD like the studied Mo mining effluent. Mining effluent management strategies extended by these results, i.e., the restriction of discharging raw and diluted effluent to adjacent waterways and the introduction of bio-monitoring system across all mining drainages in this area, were also proposed and discussed. Keywords Acid mine drainage . Median lethal concentration . Enzymatic antioxidant . Na+, K+-ATPase . Wastewater treatment . Environmental management
Introduction The discharge of mining wastewater into natural water bodies can significantly degrade water quality, deplete biodiversity, and ultimately alter ecosystem structure and function (Hogsden and Harding 2012; Kimmel and Argent 2019). A most typical example of mining wastewater is acid mine drainage (AMD), which is characterized by low pH and high concentrations of sulfate and trace metals (e.g., Cu, Zn, Mn,
Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues * Yi-ping Chen [email protected] 1
State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 97 Yanxiang Road, Xi’an 710061, Shaanxi, China
2
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
Cd, and Pb) (Akcil and Koldas 2006; Kefeni et al. 2017). The aquatic ecotoxicity of AMD effluents varies from site to site, along with the physiochemical characters of the mining effluent and the dilution and self-purification ability of the receiving water body (Taylor et al. 2010; Vidal et al. 2012). Much research in recent years
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