Editorial 25/3: Electronic Markets on ecosystems and tourism
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EDITORIAL
Editorial 25/3: Electronic Markets on ecosystems and tourism Rainer Alt 1 & Hans-Dieter Zimmermann 2
Published online: 14 August 2015 # Institute of Information Management, University of St. Gallen 2015
Dear readers of Electronic Markets, This editorial was spurred by two observations. First, Electronic Markets (EM) enjoys a growing volume of submissions and now repeatedly receives manuscripts that are out of the journal’s scope. Obviously, this requires an understanding on the topics that are within EM’s scope. For this purpose, the following aims at clarifying this boundary. Second, the third issue of Electronic Markets includes a special issue on BSmart tourism^. In fact, tourism was one of the industries that gave birth to electronic markets in the early 1960s and experienced an impressive development by transforming the entire airline industry. Thus, the editorial exploits the close link between the emergence of electronic markets and the history of computerized reservation systems (CRS) in tourism to clarify the scope of EM as well as to motivate the present special issue. When looking back, the phenomenon of electronic markets originated only in a small number of industries and was by no means as omnipresent as today. Among these industries were four sectors: agriculture, banking, retail and tourism. &
Agriculture used electronic markets, such as Telcot (Lindsey et al. 1990) in the U.S. or Calm (Lee and Clark 2003) in Australia to efficiently trade crops, plants, animals and the like. These systems featured key characteristics of electronic markets, such as organized trading, centralized
* Rainer Alt [email protected] Hans-Dieter Zimmermann [email protected] 1
Information Systems Institute, University of Leipzig, Grimmaische Str. 12, 04109 Leipzig, Germany
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FHS St. Gallen, University of Applied Sciences, Rosenbergstrasse 59, 9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland
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sales negotiation, remote market access, description selling, and post-sale shipment (Henderson 1982). Banking relied on similar functionalities and saw the first computer-supported (e.g., Computer Assisted Trading System CATS at the Toronto Stock Exchange in 1977) and fully electronic exchanges (e.g., the Jersey Citybased National Stock Exchange NSX in 1980). Today, most transactions are conducted via these electronic platforms, which have become key elements of the banking value chain (Bons et al. 2012, 198). Retail has seen electronic markets in two domains. On the one hand customers were able to shop online as early as in the 1980s via videotext or phone using systems, such as Prodigy or Comp-U-Card (Malone et al. 1989, 167f), and on the other large consumer goods companies aimed at improving the efficiency of exchanging structured transaction data among their supply chain partner based on electronic data interchange (EDI) solutions. Tourism has probably seen the most impressive evolution of electronic markets, which have become known as CRS or global distribution systems (GDS). The exciting summary of Copela
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