Effect of CH 3 NH 3 I/CH 3 NH 3 Br precursors on the structural and surface morphology properties of the electrodeposite
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Effect of CH3NH3I/CH3NH3Br precursors on the structural and surface morphology properties of the electrodeposited methylammonium lead–mixed halide perovskite films Zahra Heydari 1 & Hamed Abdy 1 & Mohammad Pouya Ghaziani 1 & Mohammadreza Kolahdouz 1 Ebrahim Asl-Soleimani 1 & Mostafa Masnadi-Shirazi 1
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Received: 29 June 2020 / Revised: 4 September 2020 / Accepted: 23 September 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Organometallic halide perovskites have been arisen as a class of multi-purpose materials with exciting applications in optoelectronic devices such as solar cells, light-emitting diodes, photo detectors, and laser diodes. In spite of a significant hope in performance, still production process in ambient air and its stability must be addressed as the main issues for this type of material. In this work, a versatile and scalable fabricating process of halide mixed perovskite layers through electrochemical deposition of PbO2 on FTO (fluorine-doped tin dioxide–coated glass) substrates and double-vapor transformation with HX and CH3NH3X (X = I & Br) vapors without using a glove box or a high vacuum system is demonstrated. Highly crystalline hollow-free electrodeposited perovskite layers on FTO substrate were achieved. Treatments with CH3NH3Br/CH3NH3I precursors were also investigated to check the possible impact on the quality of the final perovskite layer. It was illustrated that the use of CH3NH3I or CH3NH3Br precursors in the last step of the electrochemical synthesis can determine the properties of the perovskite film. When PbI2 and PbBr2 films exposed to CH3NH3Br vapor, bromine-treated perovskites were achieved with uniform grain size of ~ 1.5 to 2.3 μm. Similar treatment with CH3NH3I vapor led to the smaller grain size perovskite layers (~ 0.7 μm). Final properties of all fabricated layers, including optical absorption, bandgaps the crystalline phases, and chemical composition, were characterized and compared. Keywords Absorber layer . Electrodeposition . Hybrid organic−inorganic compounds . Optoelectronics . Optical materials . Perovskites
Introduction Perovskite is a natural mineral compound with general structure of ABX3 where “A” and “B” denoted as cations and “X” as an anion component [1]. These material systems have a variety of optical and structural properties due to the high capability for cation/anion exchange which allows high integration of them in optoelectronic devices [2, 3]. Some notable features of organometallic halide perovskites are efficient light absorber with direct and tunable bandgap (1.15 to 3.06 eV), long carrier diffusion length (> 1 μm for polycrystalline
* Mohammadreza Kolahdouz [email protected] 1
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
films), ambipolar nature, and quick efficiency escalation [4–9]. Since 2009, organic−inorganic lead halide perovskites have been reported to be used as an efficient light absorber in photovoltaics and have been managed
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