Effect of doped ZnO nanoparticles on bacterial cell morphology and biochemical composition
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Effect of doped ZnO nanoparticles on bacterial cell morphology and biochemical composition Shaila Thakur1 · Sudarsan Neogi2 Received: 20 July 2020 / Accepted: 15 October 2020 © King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology 2020
Abstract In this work, we show that dopants (silver, copper and iron) significantly increase the antibacterial activity of ZnO nanoparticles. The shapes of ZnO and Ag-ZnO were spherical but it changed to nanoneedles and nanorod-nanosphere composite after doping with Cu and Fe, respectively. The nanoparticles exhibited increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and metal ion release after doping. Electron microscopy images revealed that small size and sharp features of nanoparticles enable them to internalize and damage the cells, impairing the cell membrane integrity, causing cytoplasm leakage and cell shrinkage. Nanoparticles close to the cell wall indicate that physical attrition of nanoparticles with cells also plays a role in cell damage. The alterations in molecular biochemical composition of bacteria were probed by FTIR and it was seen that the nanoparticles not only affected phosphate and sugar vibrations of cell wall, but also distorted the α-helix and β-sheets of the cellular proteins. Keywords Zinc oxide · Nanoparticle · Doped · Bacteria · Reactive oxygen species
Introduction On one hand, bacteria are responsible for the most lethal infections caused to man, whereas on the other hand, it is the foremost contributor to the biodiversity on earth and plays a vital role in regulating the environment for sustaining life on earth. Thus, interaction of nanoparticles with bacteria follows a multidimensional approach: one in which development of antibacterial nanoparticles is targeted for the killing of pathogenic bacteria; while in another, nanoparticles are studied to limit their harmful effects on the beneficial bacteria ecology. In both cases, understanding the fundamental Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-020-01592-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Shaila Thakur [email protected] 1
Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Bioinformatics, National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS), Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Bangalore 560065, India
Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
2
mechanism of interaction of bacteria with nanoparticles is indispensable. This study aims at investigating the mechanism of interaction and modes of entry of nanoparticles into bacteria cells and also illustrates how antibacterial activity of ZnO nanoparticles can be improved after doping with silver, iron and copper ions. In the literature, different hypothesis was placed to explain the increased antibacterial activity after doping with silver, majority of which indicates an increase in ROS by preventing the recombination of electrons and holes in ZnO (Zhang et al. 2013;
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