Effect of fly ash on geotechnical properties and stability of coal mine overburden dump: an overview
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Effect of fly ash on geotechnical properties and stability of coal mine overburden dump: an overview Tarun Kumar Rajak1 · Laxmikant Yadu1 · Sandeep Kumar Chouksey1 Received: 27 September 2019 / Accepted: 22 April 2020 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract The management of overburden (OB) materials needs proper attention to safe mining operations. Several mine OB dump failures have been occurred due to inappropriate geotechnical and geometrical parameters. Increasing consumption of coal in thermal power plant also generates huge amount of ash which adversely affect the environment and its utilization is a great challenge. The present paper reviews the effect of fly ash on the different geotechnical properties and stability of coal mine OB dump material to explore a safe and effective utilization of fly ash. It was found that up to 30% fly ash can potentially modify the compaction characteristics, California bearing ratio value, unconfined compressive strength, and shear strength parameters of OB dump material. Based on the review, it may be suggested that fly ash-OB mix can be effectively utilized in the mine OB dump and for the mine haul road construction thus, provides an alternative mode of fly ash utilization in huge quantity. Keywords Fly ash · OB material · Dump stability · California bearing ratio · Unconfined compressive strength
1 Introduction The increasing demand of consumption of energy and power sectors requires huge amount of coal and thus, increases the activity in the coal mining industry. The increasing demand of coal increases the size of open caste coal mine and amount of stripping ratio (ratio of OB material quantity to coal quantity). The higher value of stripping ratio results the higher amount of overburden materials substantially. In India, for the year 2016–2017, the coal production and OB removal was around about 662.792 Million Ton (MT) and 1610.223 Mm3 respectively with stripping ratio of 2.62. OB materials are the upper layer of rocks and soil which has to be removed and dumped for coal production. The OB materials have to be dumped near mine site as internal dump (backfill) or as an external dump [1]. The successful operation of mining activity needs the proper attentions in the mine OB dump management. The
offensive execution of dumping of the OB materials can leads in dump instability, thus, affected the production rate and safe mining operations. Several mine OB dump failures has been occurred due to various reasons. The mine dump failure of Arcturus mine, Zimbabwe [2] and south field lignite mine, Northern Greece [3] respectively. Blight and Fourie [4] reported the various cases of coal mine dump failure. The volume of dump flow, causes, and consequence due to dump failure of these coal mines are briefly described in Table 1. Poulsen et al. [5] has reported the failure of an external OB dump failure of “Mine A” from Singareni Colliery, India. Failure of OB dump occurred at its maximum designed height of 90.0 m and as a result the material slipped about 70.0 m from it
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