Influence of Fly Ash on Geotechnical Behaviour of Red Mud: A Micro-mechanistic Study
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Influence of Fly Ash on Geotechnical Behaviour of Red Mud: A Micro-mechanistic Study Arvind Kumar Jha
. Dhanraj Kumar . P. V. Sivapullaiah
Received: 25 July 2019 / Accepted: 13 June 2020 Ó Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract The disposal of highly alkaline and hazardous bauxite residue mud generated from the Bayer process in the alumina industry leads to the serious environmental impact on natural resources. Effective and bulk utilization of red mud needs to be done to minimize an adverse impact on environment. The present study contracts to explore the possible utilization of red mud as a geomaterial by modifying its properties with fly ash (Class ‘F’). Detailed geotechnical properties (plasticity characteristics, compaction characteristics, swell index and Unconfined compressive strength (UCS)), physicochemical properties (pH and electrical conductivity) and micro-analyses (XRD, SEM, EDAX and FTIR) have been performed in the red mud amended with varying fly ash content up to 80%. The characterization of red mud demonstrates the higher value of specific gravity, liquid limit,
A. K. Jha (&) Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, 801106, Patna, India e-mail: [email protected] D. Kumar Department of Civil Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan 303007, India e-mail: [email protected] Present Address: P. V. Sivapullaiah Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, Bangalore 560012, India e-mail: [email protected]
optimum water content (OWC), maximum dry density (qdmax), pH value, and electrical conductivity than that of the same of fly ash. Further, the amendment with various fly ash content has observed a significant effect on the plasticity and compaction characteristics of the red mud. The results show a significant reduction in liquid limit, plastic limit, OWC and qdmax of red mud with an increase in fly ash content. Ultimate increase in the UCS of red mud is observed at its substitution with 15% fly ash which can be considered as an Optimum Fly Ash Content (OFC) from strength point of view. Further, experimental results are elucidated through physicochemical and microanalyses. Keywords Fly ash Hazardous Micro-analysis Physicochemical Red mud Strength
1 Introduction Increasing urbanization and industrialization leads to the production of large quantities of contaminated/toxic residues and waste materials, leading to create a significant threat to the ecosystem and environment (C¸oruh and Ergun 2010). Despite of several industrial waste materials such as quarry dust, rice husk, fly ash, and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and so on; red mud, mostly generated
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Geotech Geol Eng
from the Bayer process for the production of alumina extraction from bauxite ore at high temperature and pressure, contains highly toxic hazardous heavy metals and trace of radioactive elements. The name ‘‘red mud’’ derives from its color i.e. red due to the presence
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