Effect of Heavy Metal on Complex Permittivity Characteristics of Saturated Sand
In this paper, experiments have been carried out to investigate the effect of heavy metals on the complex permittivity characteristics of saturated soil in the frequency range of 1–1,000 kHz. The effect of Pb and Fe concentration on the complex permittivi
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Introduction In the past decades, both terrestrial and aquatic environments have been polluted with metals [1]. Soil normally contains a low concentration of heavy metals such as iron (Fe), which is an essential micronutrient for the optimum growth of plants. A metal like lead (Pb) is usually not found in agricultural soil, and is toxic to plants. However, in areas where agricultural, industrial or municipal wastes are land-applied as fertilizer, concentrations may be much higher. Excessive levels of heavy metals can be hazardous to humans and ecosystems [2]. Although heavy metals are released in varying quantities into the soil from parent materials, increasing environmental contamination has been caused by human activities, such as mining, smelting, fossil fuel combustion, agricultural practices and waste disposal [3, 4]. In order to characterize subsurface contamination, the most commonly used methods involve collection of representative samples of soil and pore fluid and then analyzing them for targeted species in the laboratory. In general, this way of characterizing the contamination of a soil-fluid system is the only one acceptable to regulatory agencies [5]. However, sample collection and analysis in the laboratory pose significant problems: (1) sampling of the soils is extremely time consuming and expensive; (2) sampling is destructive in the case of removing the soil samples; (3) the sampling is not continuous with time; and (4) samples can be contaminated during sampling, transportation, and analysis in the laboratory. Thus several geophysical methods have been developed which utilizes the contrast caused by the contaminant on physical properties of the soil [6, 7]. Electromagnetic and dielectric methods show high potential for characterization hydrocarbon contaminated soil and determination of the level of contaminant.
M.F.M. Zain, M.R. Taha, R.M.A. Ismail, and M. Jamil Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia H.A. Mattarneh Civil Engineering Dept, Universiti Tenaga National, Malaysia
S. Rauch et al. (eds.), Highway and Urban Environment, Alliance for Global Sustainability Bookseries 17, DOI 10.1007/978-90-481-3043-6_32, © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2010
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In additional use of this method rely upon the availability of information about the dielectric properties of the contaminated soil. Development of such information has formed a focus of research by many authors around the world over several years [7–9]. This study focuses on the factors affecting the dielectric response of soil-water-heavy metal mixture at low frequency ranges. In this paper, the complex permittivity of soils was measured at the frequency range of 100 kHz–1 MHz by means of using LCR meters. The effects of measurement frequency, heavy metal type and concentration on the dielectric response were evaluated by analyzing the complex permittivity of specimen at low frequencies.
Complex Permittivity and Polarization When a capacitor containing material is connected to a sinu
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