Impact of smoking on heavy metal contamination and DNA fragmentation
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Impact of smoking on heavy metal contamination and DNA fragmentation Amira S. Ahmed 1,2 & Maha A. Aldubayan 1 & Hatem A. Ahmed 3 & Ahmed M. Refaat 4 & Albatool S. Alsalloumi 5 & Rawan A. Almasuood 5 & Rehab M. Elgharabawy 1,6 Received: 29 December 2019 / Accepted: 10 November 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Tobacco is smoked by different techniques through cigarette and shisha smoking. The prevalence of tobacco is considered one of the major threats to public health. This study aims to assess the effect of cigarette, shisha, and mixed (cigarette/shisha) smoking on heavy metal contamination in hair samples, hair loss, and DNA fragmentation, to correlate age, incidence of hair loss, and smoking duration with the amount of accumulated metals and the DNA fragmentation, and to correlate the level of heavy metal contamination with DNA fragmentation. This study was implemented in Saudi Arabia among sixty males divided into four groups (15/group): control and cigarette, shisha, and mixed smokers. Heavy metal contamination in hair samples and urinary DNA levels were assayed. All metal and urinary DNA levels were significantly elevated in cigarette, shisha, and mixed smokers compared to non-smokers. Hair loss was also higher among smokers especially among participants with high DNA concentrations. There were positive significant correlations of age and incidence of hair loss with urinary DNA concentration. There were positive significant correlations between urinary DNA concentration and all heavy metal levels. Cigarette, shisha, and mixed smoking trigger metal contamination, DNA fragmentation, and hair loss. Moreover, hair loss was observed to be associated with Sb, Cd, and Ni as well as urinary DNA level, while age was associated only with lead and urinary DNA levels. The duration of smoking had a major impact on Pb and Sb levels. Finally, contamination with all six metals was significantly associated with DNA fragmentation. Keywords Cigarette smoking . Shisha . Heavy metals . DNA fragmentation . Hair samples . Hair loss
Introduction Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues * Amira S. Ahmed [email protected] 1
Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
2
Hormones Department, Medical Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
3
Department of Forensic Sciences, College of Criminal Justice, Naif Arab University for Security Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
4
Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Misr University for Science and Technology, 6th of October City, Giza, Egypt
5
College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
6
Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
Cigarette smoking is an earnest health problem in the world. In Middle Eastern countries, shisha is widely accepted and considered part of their culture. Approximately 12.2% of Saudis people smoke and females are less likely to smoke
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