Effect of nanomaterials in platinum-decorated carbon nanotube paste-based electrodes for amperometric glucose detection
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The effect of nanomaterials in platinum-decorated, multiwalled, carbon nanotube-based electrodes for amperometric glucose sensing was investigated by a comparative study with other carbon material-based electrodes such as graphite, glassy carbon, and multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction were used to investigate their morphologies and crystallinities. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was conducted to compare the electrochemical characteristics of these electrodes. The glucose-sensing results from the chronoamperometric measurements indicated that carbon nanotubes improve the linearity of the current response to glucose concentrations over a wide range, and that platinum decoration of the carbon nanotubes produces improved electrochemical performance with a higher sensitivity.
I. INTRODUCTION
Nanomaterials have been under intense investigation because of the different physical and chemical properties that appear when the dimensions of a material decrease to the nanoscale. Nanomaterials are expected to have potential bioapplications mainly because of their unique properties as well as their comparable dimensions to those of biological entities, such as cells (10–100 m), viruses (20–450 nm), proteins (5–50 nm), and genes (normally 2 nm wide and 10–100 nm long). The major biological or biomedical applications of nanomaterials are fluorescent biological labels, drug and gene delivery, biodetection of pathogens, protein detection, tissue engineering, phagokinetic studies, magnetic resonance imaging contrast enhancement, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) probe, hyperthermia, bioseparation, and purification.1 Among them, the application of nanomaterials in biosensors has shown promising performance. A common biosensor works as a biospecific surface that interacts with a particular analyte followed by a detection of the generated signals (e.g., electrochemical, optical, piezoelectrical, and thermal responses). Currently, electrochemical amperometric biosensors, measuring current signals generated from electrochemical redox reactions, have dominated in both biosensor research efforts and commercial a)
Address all correspondence to this author. e-mail: [email protected] DOI: 10.1557/JMR.2008.0177 J. Mater. Res., Vol. 23, No. 5, May 2008
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devices due to their superior properties, such as low cost, simple detection tools and procedures, broad detection range, and high accuracy, over other types.2–5 In the past decade, tremendous efforts have been made in investigating nanomaterials for glucose biosensing because of the fact that diabetes mellitus is the most common endocrine metabolic disorder for human beings.6–10 Generally, a blood glucose level higher than 7.0 mM (126 mg/dL) can be diagnosed as a symptom of diabetes.11 For the purpose of glucose monitoring, a highperformance glucose sensor with high sensitivity, high reliability, a fast response, and excellent selectivity is requisite and deserves extensive att
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