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stainless steel (DSS)-containing austenite (γ) and ferrite (δ) in equal proportion is widely used in oil, gas, paper, desalination, and petrochemical industries as an economical alternative to austenitic stainless steels.[1] DSS shows high mechanical strength, sufficient ductility along with excellent resistance to corrosion and stress corrosion cracking.[2,3] DSSs are manufactured to be used as structural components in the above-mentioned industries either in the form of hot-rolled and solutionized plates of varying thickness (typically 6 to 40 mm) or cold-rolled and solutionized sheets of thinner gages (typically 0.5 to 3.0 mm). The changes in microstructure and crystallographic texture during hot deformation and cold deformation of DSS determine (i) the resistance against deformation, i.e., the load required for deformation and (ii) the resistance to cracking during deformation. Solutionizing or annealing treatment determines the final microstructure, crystalloARKA MANDAL, DEBALAY CHAKRABARTI, and SHIV BRAT SINGH are with Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721 302, West Bengal, India. Contact e-mail: [email protected] SUDIPTA PATRA is with Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, and also with Research and Development Department, Jindal Stainless Ltd., Hisar, Haryana, 125 005, India. Manuscript submitted May 23, 2017. METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A

graphic texture, and mechanical properties of the steel. Now the deformation behavior during hot/cold rolling and the final mechanical properties after annealing treatment depend on the microstructural and textural changes taking place within each of the constituent phases, i.e., δ-ferrite and γ-austenite, and their mutual interdependence. Several studies have been carried out on the microstructural evolution during hot deformation of conventional DSS[4–13,15–19] containing relatively high amount of Ni. The samples of DSS have been deformed over a wide temperature range [Tdef = 1023 K to 1473 K (750 °C to 1200 °C)] and strain-rate range (_e = 0.01 to 10 s−1) using different techniques such as, hot-compression tests, hot-torsion tests, plane-strain compression tests, laboratory-scale hot-forging, and hot-rolling trials. The effect of hot-deformation parameters on the deformation mechanism and the dynamic and static softening behavior (i.e., recovery and recrystallization) within δferrite and γ has been studied and those are used to explain the nature of hot-flow curve and hot workability of the steel.[1,4–22] On the other hand, the effect of steel composition, cold-rolling parameters such as the amount of rolling reduction, rolling direction, and lubrication condition, and the final annealing parameters such as annealing time, temperature and heating rate on the microstructure, and texture and residual stress distribution in DSS have been investigated.[23–29] Those are related to the final mechanical properties such as the tensile proper