Effect of Storage and Extraction Protocols on the Lipid and Fatty Acid Profiles of Dicentrarchus labrax Brain
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Effect of Storage and Extraction Protocols on the Lipid and Fatty Acid Profiles of Dicentrarchus labrax Brain Sara Granafei 1 & Gerhard Liebisch 2 & Francesco Palmisano 1,3 & Roberto Carlucci 4 & Adriana Lionetti 4 & Francesco Longobardi 1 & Giuliana Bianco 5 & Tommaso R. I. Cataldi 1,3
Received: 23 March 2017 / Accepted: 9 June 2017 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2017
Abstract Fish brain might represent an interesting raw material since it is particularly enriched in lipids (e.g., phosphatidylcholines (PCs)) that are valuable food additives and nutraceuticals. A chloroform-free solvent extraction protocol based on 2-methoxy-2-methylpropane also known as methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) was evaluated and compared with CHCl3:MeOH mixtures of the classical Bligh-Dyer method. Phospholipids (PLs) and sphingolipids (SPs) occurring in the brain extracts of farmed European sea bass fish (Dicentrarchus labrax) were identified/analyzed by flow injection-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (FI-ESIMS), whereas the content and identity of fatty acids (FA) were obtained by gas chromatography-MS upon derivatization as FA methyl esters. On the basis of these preliminary results, the total contents of PL and SP, as well as their relative abundances, were not significantly affected by the extraction protocol used. The most abundant lipid class was the PC with a mean ± SD content (expressed as nmol/mg protein) of Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s12161-017-0967-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Tommaso R. I. Cataldi [email protected] 1
Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
2
University Hospital Regensburg, Klinische Chemie und Laboratoriumsmedizin, D-93042 Regensburg, Germany
3
Centro Interdipartimentale SMART, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
4
Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
5
Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano, 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
507 ± 89, followed by phosphoethanolamines (195 ± 41), ceramides (35 ± 9), sphingomyelins (9 ± 4), lysophosphatidylcholines (8 ± 2), and phosphatidylglycerols (1.8 ± 0.8). In terms of pre-processing strategy of fish brain samples, two preservation methods, i.e., freezing and freezedrying, were also compared. Lyophilization led to a partial degradation of PC to their corresponding lyso-form, most likely as a result of endogenous phospholipase activity. Keywords Fish brain . Food waste . Lipids . Mass spectrometry . Methyl tert-butyl ether . Dicentrarchus labrax . Freeze-drying
Introduction Fish is an important source of essential micronutrients (i.e., vitamins and minerals) and macronutrients like proteins and lipids (Hyötyläinen et al. 2013; Lund 2013). Health benefits of fish/seafood consumption and reduced risk of chronic diseases, aging, weight contr
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