Effect of sulfurization temperature on the property of Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 thin film by eco-friendly nanoparticle ink method
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Effect of sulfurization temperature on the property of Cu2ZnSnS4 thin film by eco-friendly nanoparticle ink method Wei Wang1,2 • Honglie Shen2 • Hanyu Yao2 • Huirong Shang2 • ZhengXia Tang1 Yufang Li2
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Received: 6 May 2017 / Accepted: 14 August 2017 Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany 2017
Abstract Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin films were fabricated by a low-cost nanoparticle ink method. The eco-friendly hydrophilic CZTS nanoparticles were mixed with low-cost n-propanol to form nanoparticle ink. To improve crystallinity and remove oxygen element, the CZTS thin films were sulfurized further. The effects of sulfurization temperature on the structure, morphologies, and photovoltaic performances of CZTS thin films were investigated. The results showed that the crystallinity of CZTS thin film was improved with increasing sulfurization temperature. The surface morphology studies demonstrated the formation of compact and homogenous CZTS thin film at a sulfurization temperature of 600 C. By optimizing thickness of CZTS thin film, the CZTS thin-film solar cell with an optimal efficiency of 2.1% was obtained.
1 Introduction Thin-film solar cells made of chalcopyrite such as Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 (CIGS), Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS), CdTe, and so on are advantageous over the conventional silicon solar cells due to their much less material expense and flexibility. Particularly, CZTS has drawn great attention as a lowcost and non-toxic absorber material. Moreover, CZTS has
& Honglie Shen [email protected] 1
School of Material Engineering, Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing 211169, China
2
College of Materials Science and Technology, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials and Technology for Energy Conversion, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
excellent light harvesting characteristics (absorption coefficient [104 cm-1) and an optimal bandgap (*1.5 eV) [1]. The predicted theoretical maximum efficiency for Cu2ZnSnS4 thin-film solar cells is nearly 32.2% [2]. Shin et al. [3] used co-evaporation deposition method to fabricate 8.4% efficient CZTS thin-film solar cell. The 8.58% efficient CZTS thin-film solar cell was prepared through sputtering and sulfurization method [4]. Compared with the high preparation cost of the coevaporation method and sputtering technique, the cost of non-vacuum deposition methods used to fabricate CZTS solar cells is lower. These non-vacuum deposition methods include spray pyrolysis [5], chemical bath deposition (CBD) [6], electrodeposition [7], sol–gel [8], and nanoparticle ink approach [9], etc. Among these approaches, nanoparticle ink approach has been widely concerned due to the possibility of large-scale production and preparation of flexible solar cells. Gu et al. [10] reported 2.29% efficient CZTS thin-film solar cell prepared by nanocrystalink method. Miskin et al. [11] used CZTS nanocrystal ink to fabricate Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 thin film via selenization treatment and the efficiency of Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 thin-film solar cell was improved to 9%. Currently, there are some r
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