Effective inactivation of Nipah virus in serum samples for safe processing in low-containment laboratories
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RESEARCH
Effective inactivation of Nipah virus in serum samples for safe processing in low‑containment laboratories Shumpei Watanabe1,2*, Shuetsu Fukushi2, Toshihiko Harada3, Masayuki Shimojima2*, Tomoki Yoshikawa2, Takeshi Kurosu2, Yoshihiro Kaku4, Shigeru Morikawa1,4 and Masayuki Saijo2,5*
Abstract Background: Nipah virus (NiV) is an emerging zoonotic paramyxovirus that causes severe encephalitis and respiratory disease with a high mortality rate in humans. During large outbreaks of the viral disease, serological testing of serum samples could be a useful diagnostic tool, which could provide information on not only the diagnosis of NiV disease but also the history of an individual with previous exposure to the virus, thereby supporting disease control. Therefore, an efficient method for the inactivation of NiV in serum samples is required for serological diagnosis. Methods: We determined the optimal conditions for the inactivation of NiV infectivity in human serum using heating and UV treatment. The inactivation method comprised UV irradiation with a cover of aluminum foil for 30 min and heating at 56 °C for 30 min. Results: With an optimized protocol for virus inactivation, NiV infectivity in serum samples (containing 6.0 × 105 TCID50) was completely inactivated. Conclusions: We developed a recommended protocol for the effective inactivation of NiV. This protocol would enable a regional or local laboratory to safely transport or process samples, including NiV, for serological testing in its biosafety level-2 facility. Keywords: Nipah virus, Virus inactivation, Diagnosis, Biosafety level 4, Virus stability Background Nipah virus (NiV), a member of the genus Henipavirus belonging to the family Paramyxoviridae, is an enveloped virus with a non-segmented, negative-strand RNA genome [1]. NiV was first discovered in 1998–99 as the etiological agent responsible for an outbreak of a severe *Correspondence: s‑[email protected]; shimoji‑@nih.go.jp; [email protected] 1 Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, 1‑3 Ikoinooka, Imabari, Ehime 794‑8555, Japan 2 Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4‑7‑1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208‑0011, Japan 5 Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1‑23‑1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162‑8640, Japan Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
respiratory disease in pigs, as well as encephalitis and respiratory disease in humans (276 recorded cases, 40% mortality) in Malaysia and Singapore [1–3]. Subsequent outbreaks of NiV disease have been reported annually in Bangladesh and India. The infection of humans with the Bangladeshi or Indian NiV strains resulted in a higher percentage of patients with respiratory disease and a higher mortality rate (70%), compared to that with Malaysia and Singapore strains [2, 3]. Owing to its high lethality, NiV is generally classified as a biosafety level-4 (BSL-4) pathogen. Fruit bats of the genus
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