Nanomaterials for Airborne Virus Inactivation: A Short Review
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REVIEW
Nanomaterials for Airborne Virus Inactivation: A Short Review Rong Li1,2,3 · Long Cui1,2 · Meijuan Chen4 · Yu Huang1,2 Received: 16 July 2020 / Revised: 10 October 2020 / Accepted: 14 October 2020 © Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy Sciences 2020
Abstract The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) that broke out at the end of 2019 spread rapidly around the world, causing a large number of deaths and serious economic losses. Previous studies showed that aerosol transmission is one of the main pathways for the spread of COVID-19, Therefore, effective control measures are urgently needed to contain the epidemic. Nanomaterials have broad-spectrum antiviral capabilities, and their inactivation for viruses in the air has been extensively studied. This review discusses antiviral nanomaterials such as metal nanomaterials, metal oxide-based nano-photocatalysts, and nonmetallic nanomaterials; summarizes their structure and chemical properties, the efficiency of inactivating viruses, the mechanism of inactivating viruses, and the application of virus purification in the air. This review provides insights on the development and application of antiviral nanomaterials, which can help control the aerosol transmission of viruses. Keywords COVID-19 · Aerosol transmission · Nanomaterials · Antiviral
1 Introduction The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) that broke out at the end of 2019 is still a pandemic across the world, which has caused great damage to human health and economic development. Curbing the spread of COVID-19 needs to be considered from three aspects: controlling the source of infection, cutting off the transmission pathways, and protecting susceptible individuals (Wilson and Zumla 2019). Studies have shown that one of the main transmission pathways of COVID-19 is the droplets produced by patients which then form biological aerosols (Ge et al. 2020). This pathway has also been verified in the spread of other viruses such * Yu Huang [email protected] 1
Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710061, People’s Republic of China
2
CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi’an 710061, People’s Republic of China
3
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
4
School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s Republic of China
as influenza viruses (Lindsley et al. 2016), SARS viruses (Tang et al. 2006), etc. Van Doremalen et al. (2020). found that COVID-19 can survive for more than 3 h in aerosols. Besides, some researches and field study reports show that viral RNA from COVID-19 can be detected in the air (Liu et al. 2020; Ong et al. 2020). Therefore, controlling the spread of biological aerosols is the most effective way to inhibit the spread of viruses. Currently, commonly used measures for protection against airborne viruses in
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