Effective Reduction of Cr(VI) and Organic Dyes Using Pd NPs/Fe 3 O 4 @nanocellulose as a Recoverable Catalyst in Aqueous
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Effective Reduction of Cr(VI) and Organic Dyes Using Pd NPs/Fe3O4@ nanocellulose as a Recoverable Catalyst in Aqueous Media Elmira Kalantari1 · Mohammad A. Khalilzadeh1 · Daryoush Zareyee1 Received: 4 June 2020 / Accepted: 9 October 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract In this work, the extract of the roots plant of Chelidonium majus (greater celandine) was used to synthesize a magnetically reusable Pd nanoparticles supported by F e3O4@nanocellulose through a green synthesis method. The Pd NPs/Fe3O4@ nanocellulose catalyst as an impressive catalyst was prepared via reduction of P d2+ ions using Chelidonium majus extract as bioreductant agent. The synthesized Pd NPs/Fe3O4@nanocellulose was characterized using vibrating sample magnetometer, field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis techniques. This heterogeneous catalyst represented excellent activity for full degradation of Cr(VI) in the presence of formic acid at 50 °C, and reduction of methylene blue, methyl orange, rhodamine B and congo red in the presence of N aBH4 as a reducing agent at room temperature. The synthesized catalyst was also reused four times for the reduction reactions without significant activity loss. Keywords Catalyst · Nanocellulose · Reduction · Organic dyes · Degradation
1 Introduction Recently, chromium pollution, particularly by hexavalent chromium Cr(VI), has become one of the biggest hectic problems of environment for the scientists. The hexavalent chromium is about 500 times more toxic than that of the trivalent form [1] for plants, microorganism, animals and humans [2, 3]. It has been reported that the Cr(VI) content should not exceed 0.05 mg L−1 in the waste water [4]. The excessive level of chromium metals has also caused damage to kidney and liver [5, 6]. World health organization has recognized that the Cr(VI) is even cancerous [7]. Reciprocally, trivalent chromium Cr(III) is less toxic and less mobile in nature. For animal and human, it has been shown that small amount of Cr(III) is required for metabolism of sugar, carbohydrate and lipid [8]. There are various conventional methods to eliminate organic compounds from the industrial wastewaters, such as prevalent chemical oxidation, adsorption, biodegradation, flocculation-coagulation, electro-coagulation. However, * Mohammad A. Khalilzadeh [email protected] 1
Department of Chemistry, Qaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr, Iran
there has been no impressive way in attaining whole removal of these organic compounds [9]. Recently, some practical and economical methods have been developed to reduce Cr(VI) to Cr(III) [10–12]. For instance, Daneshvar et al. [13] used soya cake as the reducing agent and observed a high efficiency in reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III). Dandapat et al. [14] reduced Cr(VI) to Cr(III) in the presence of formic acid
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