Effectiveness and safety of underwater techniques in gastrointestinal endoscopy: a comprehensive review of the literatur
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and Other Interventional Techniques
REVIEW ARTICLE
Effectiveness and safety of underwater techniques in gastrointestinal endoscopy: a comprehensive review of the literature Marcello Maida1 · Sandro Sferrazza2 · Alberto Murino3 · Andrea Lisotti4 · Nikolaos Lazaridis3 · Alessandro Vitello1 · Pietro Fusaroli4 · Giovanni de Pretis2 · Emanuele Sinagra5 Received: 7 May 2020 / Accepted: 17 August 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Background Conventional endoscopic resection techniques such as endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) or endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD), represent the standard of care for treatment of superficial gastrointestinal lesions. In 2012 a novel technique called underwater endoscopic mucosal resection (U-EMR) was described by Binmoeller and colleagues. This substantial variation from the standard procedure was afterwards applied at endoscopic submucosal dissection (U-ESD) and recently proposed also for peroral endoscopic myotomy (U-POEM) and endoscopic full-thickness resection (U-EFTR). Methods This paper aims to perform a comprehensive review of the current literature related to supporting the underwater resection techniques with the aim to evaluate their safety and efficacy. Results Based on the current literature U-EMR appears to be feasible and safe. Comparison studies showed that U-EMR is associated with higher “en-bloc” and R0 resection rates for colonic lesions, but lower “en-bloc” and R0 resection rates for duodenal non-ampullary lesions, compared to standard EMR. In contrast to U-EMR, little evidence supporting U-ESD are currently available. A single comparison study on gastric lesions showed that U-ESD had shorter procedural times and allowed a similar “en-bloc” resection rates compared to standard ESD. No comparison studies between U-ESD and ESD are available for colonic lesions. Finally, only some anecdotal experiences have been reported for U-POEM or U-EFTR, and the feasibility and effectiveness of these techniques need to be further investigated. Conclusions Further prospective studies are necessary to better explore the advantages of underwater techniques compared to the respective standards of care, especially in the setting of U-ESD where consistent data are lacking and where standardization of the technique is needed. Keywords Underwater · Endoscopic mucosal resection · Endoscopic submucosal dissection · EMR · ESD Over the last two decades, several developments related to endoscopic resection techniques have facilitated the * Marcello Maida [email protected] 1
Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, S. Elia-Raimondi Hospital, Caltanissetta, Italy
2
Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Santa Chiara Hospital, Trento, Italy
3
Royal Free Unit for Endoscopy and University College London (UCL) Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, London, UK
4
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, GI Unit, Hospital of Imola, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
5
Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Instituto San
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