Effects of Elevated Ammonia Concentration on Corn Growth and Grain Yield Under Different Nitrogen Application Rates
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Effects of Elevated Ammonia Concentration on Corn Growth and Grain Yield Under Different Nitrogen Application Rates Xiaoli Chen 1,2 & Xiaolong Ren 1,2,3 & Sadam Hussain 1 & Saddam Hussain 4
&
Muhammad Saqib 5
Received: 2 February 2020 / Accepted: 11 May 2020 # Sociedad Chilena de la Ciencia del Suelo 2020
Abstract The enhanced photosynthetic production and growth-related aspects in higher plants were reported under increasing atmospheric ammonia (NH3); however, the combined effect of elevated NH3 concentration and nitrogen (N) application rates on crop growth, growth-related aspects, and yield is poorly understood. The present study evaluated the effects of elevated NH3 concentration and N status on corn growth and grain yield in six open-top chambers (OTCs) experiments. Corn was grown for 90 days in soil-filled pots with two N application rates (with and without N (+N and −N)) and two NH3 concentrations (0 nl l−1 and 1000 nl l−1) in OTCs. Results showed that plant height, total biomass, shoot biomass, shoot/root ratio, grain yield, and 100-grain yield of corn plants were increased with decreasing application of N in the soil in the elevated NH3 treatment. Shoots biomass and grain yield were increased by 49% and 13% respectively under elevated NH3 concentration compared with ambient concentration of NH3, averaged across years and N levels. The effect of elevated level of NH3 on development and plant growth depends on the soil N status. Under N-sufficient condition, plant growth and grain yield were negatively affected, whereas in N-deprived condition, biomass production and grain yield were enhanced, because of the stimulated photosynthetic rates. Moreover, corn plants may receive more benefits from NH3 enrichment under the low supply of N nutrient and when atmospheric NH3 can act as an N supplement source. Keywords Open-top chambers (OTCs) . NH3 enrichment . N levels . Growth . Grain yield . Corn
1 Introduction
* Xiaolong Ren [email protected] * Saddam Hussain [email protected]; [email protected] 1
College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
2
Key Laboratory of Crop Physi-ecology and Tillage Science in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
3
Institute of Water Saving Agriculture in Arid Areas of China, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
4
Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Punjab 38040, Pakistan
5
Agronomic Research Institute, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Punjab 38040, Pakistan
Atmospheric ammonia (NH3) has great influences on agricultural cropping systems due to its primary role in the global nitrogen cycle. More recently, it has been reported that NH3 can be absorbed or released into the air by soil and plants, in response to excessive use of chemical fertilizers, by enhancing the rate of N fertilizers, or by plant N stress (Harper et al. 2000; Liu and Greaver 2009; Alfaro
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