Effects of Myrothecium verrucaria ZW-2 fermentation filtrates on various plant-parasitic nematodes
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Effects of Myrothecium verrucaria ZW‑2 fermentation filtrates on various plant‑parasitic nematodes Hai Yan Wu1 · Lu Yuan Zhang1 · Xun Bo Zhou1 Received: 26 July 2019 / Accepted: 19 May 2020 © Deutsche Phytomedizinische Gesellschaft 2020
Abstract This study shows for the first time the effect of the fermentation filtrate of Myrothecium verrucaria, strain ZW-2, on four different species of plant-parasitic nematodes. Our results suggested that the fermentation filtrate of M. verrucaria inhibited hatching of Meloidogyne incognita and Heterodera glycines eggs. The lowest egg hatching rates of H. glycines and M. incognita were 6.3% and 2.0%, respectively, after 15 days of incubation with a fermentation filtrate of M. verrucaria. A 2-week fermentation filtrate had lethal effects on of M. incognita (second stage juveniles), H. glycines and Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. After 72 h of incubation, the following mortality rates were observed: M. incognita J2s, 100%; Hirschmanniella spp., 8.4%; H. glycines J2s, 82.4%; and B. xylophilus, 96.1%. A pot test showed that the mean suppressive rates of H. glycines after one- and two-week fermentation treatments were 78.8% and 91.2%, respectively. There were 0.8 nematodes per tomato root system at seven days after inoculation (DAI) and 4.4 galls and 933.3 eggs per root system at 30 DAI, which were significantly lower than those of the tap water controls (8.0 nematodes, 31.4 galls and 14,622.5 eggs per root system). Our studies confirmed that the fermentation filtrate of strain ZW-2 has nematicidal effects against three plant-parasitic nematodes. Keywords Plant-parasitic nematodes · Myrothecium verrucaria · Fermentation filtrate · Biochemical pesticide
Introduction Nematodes are small invertebrate roundworms, most of which are less than a millimeter in length; some nematode species are parasites of plants (Nicol et al. 2011). Nematodes are widely distributed in nature, and the distribution of different species varies greatly worldwide. Plant-parasitic nematodes can attack root systems and above ground plant parts such as stems and buds. Some species can also act as vectors of plant viruses, causing various plant diseases, and seriously affecting economic development (Szabó et al. 2012). Crops in many areas of the world have been severely damaged, leading to annual economic losses as high as $100 billion (Shukla et al. 2016). In one survey, M. incognita, cyst nematodes (Heterodera and Globodera spp.) and Bursaphelenchus xylophilus were ranked among the top 10 plantparasitic nematodes (Jones et al. 2013). * Xun Bo Zhou [email protected] 1
Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agric‑Environment and Agric‑Products Safety, Agricultural College of Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
Presently, on a global scale, nematode diseases are often suppressed by nematicides, but these methods have many limitations (Li et al. 2011). As an increasing number of chemicals have been banned, environmentally friendly alternatives are urgently needed to control nematode diseases. Biologica
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