Effects of organic and chemical fertilizers on the growth, heavy metal/metalloid accumulation, and human health risk of
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Effects of organic and chemical fertilizers on the growth, heavy metal/metalloid accumulation, and human health risk of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Ilker Ugulu 1
&
Kafeel Ahmad 2 & Zafar Iqbal Khan 2 & Mudasra Munir 2 & Kinza Wajid 2 & Humayun Bashir 2
Received: 29 June 2020 / Accepted: 14 October 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The aim of this study was to determine and compare the effect of the chemical fertilizer and organic fertilizers such as cow manure and poultry manure applications on the heavy metal/metalloid accumulation in the wheat samples. A field experiment was conducted using a complete randomized block design with three replicates per treatment to observe the impact of organic and chemical fertilizers on the heavy metal/metalloid accumulation in a wheat variety (Lasani-08). Heavy metal/metalloid concentrations in the root, shoot, and grains of wheat samples were determined using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). In addition, the growth parameters of wheat samples were assigned. Results indicated that morphological parameters showed maximum growth under chemical fertilizer treatment. The heavy metal/metalloid concentrations in the wheat grains ranged from 12.95 to 25.83, 1.03 to 1.11, 16.83 to 20.26, 0.92 to 0.98, 0.504 to 1.997, 2.24 to 5.98, and 0.493 to 1.154 mg/kg for Zn, Co, Fe, Cd, Pb, Cu, and Cr, respectively. All heavy metal/metalloid values in the present study were within the safe limits reported by the FAO/WHO except for Pb. However, the health risk index determined for all metals are higher in the wheat grown with chemical fertilizer applications, but it has been shown that the consumption of wheat grown with organic and chemical applications is not hazardous for health. Keywords Cattle waste . Health risk . Poultry waste . Trace metals . Wheat
Introduction The current increase in organic farming provides a number of sources of fertilizers to use as organic manure in agriculture system which increased the profitable opportunities as well (Ahmad et al. 2019; Siddique et al. 2019; Ugulu et al. 2020; Wajid et al. 2020). Organic manures play an important role in agriculture and organic farming, and organic crop yield depends on the availability of organic manure in the soil. In organic farming, the organic manure storage and management are the major crisis (Petric et al. 2009; Ahmad et al. 2020). Different organic fertilizers may be used as an alternate source
Responsible Editor: Gangrong Shi * Ilker Ugulu [email protected] 1
Faculty of Education, Usak University, Usak, Turkey
2
Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
of chemical fertilizers for crop production such as sheep, cattle, and poultry manures. The degraded soils can be reestablished by the addition of the poultry manure as a source of organic manure (Khan et al. 2020a, b). The poultry manure improves soil microbial action and enhance the porosity of the soil and nitrogen content in it because it provides both microand mac
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