Effects of physical and chemical factors on pseudorabies virus activity in vitro
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Open Access
Effects of physical and chemical factors on pseudorabies virus activity in vitro Lang Gong1,2,3,4, Qiwei Deng1,2,3,4, Runda Xu1,2,3,4, Chihai Ji1,2,3,4, Heng Wang1,2,3,4 and Guihong Zhang1,2,3,4*
Abstract Background: Pseudorabies (PR) is latent and can persist in infected sows for a long time, and thus, convalescent sows can carry the virus throughout life, causing severe economic losses to farmers and posing a tremendous challenge to PR prevention and control. Here, to investigate the biological characteristics of pseudorabies virus (PRV), a variety of physical and chemical factors were analyzed under controlled conditions. Results: The results showed that a high ambient temperature and dry environment led to faster virus inactivation. PRV had a certain resistance to weakly acidic or alkaline environments and was rapidly inactivated in strongly acidic or alkaline environments. The effect of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on PRV activity primarily depended on the frequency, intensity, and irradiation time of the UV exposure. Exposure to sunlight inactivated PRV via multiple factors, including temperature, sunlight intensity, UV intensity, and environmental humidity, and any shielding from sunlight strongly lowered the killing effect. Conventional disinfectants had a good disinfection effect on PRV. Conclusions: The biological characteristics of different PRV strains are variable. Generally, the activity of PRV is affected by multiple factors, which can show both synergy and antagonism. Real-world conditions should be taken into consideration to guide pork production. Keywords: PRV, Biological characteristics, Physical and chemical factors
Background Pseudorabies (PR), also known as Aujeszky’s disease or “mad itch”, is caused by pseudorabies virus (PRV), which is an enveloped DNA virus. The main susceptible animals are swine, cows, sheep, rabbits, mice, cats, and other mammals, while pigeons and chickens can resist PRV infection [1–4]. Not only are there reports of PRV isolated from people presumed to be infected with PRV but there is also direct evidence that PRV can cross hosts to infect humans [5, 6]. The amino acid positions in certain important glycoproteins, namely, gB, gC, gD and gE, may be related to the adaptability of PRV to new * Correspondence: [email protected] 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, 510462 Guangzhou, China 2 Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, 510462 Guangzhou, China Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
hosts and its immune escape from vaccines [7]. PRV was first clinically identified in cattle in 1813. After World War II, with the development of intensive farming in Europe, the number of PRV-infected pigs rose sharply. In the 1970s, PRV caused a disaster for the global pig industry due to the global flow of animals and animal products [8]. In approximately 1970, due to the largescale outbreak of PR, many countries
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